In this intellectually ambitious study, Elizabeth McKillen explores the significance of Wilsonian internationalism for workers and the influence of American labor in both shaping and undermining the ...foreign policies and war mobilization efforts of Woodrow Wilson's administration. McKillen highlights the major fault lines and conflicts that emerged within labor circles as Wilson pursued his agenda in the context of Mexican and European revolutions, World War I, and the Versailles Peace Conference. As McKillen shows, the choice to collaborate with or resist U.S. foreign policy remained an important one for labor throughout the twentieth century. In fact, it continues to resonate today in debates over the global economy, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the impact of U.S. policies on workers at home and abroad.
Background Whether all domains of daily-life moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) are associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and how this association depends on age and body mass index ...remains unclear. Methods and Results In the population-based Lifelines cohort (N=125 402), MVPA was assessed by the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity, a validated questionnaire in different domains such as commuting, leisure-time, and occupational PA. BP was assessed using the last 3 of 10 measurements after 10 minutes' rest in the supine position. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg and/or use of antihypertensives. In regression analysis, higher commuting and leisure-time but not occupational MVPA related to lower BP and lower hypertension risk. Commuting-and-leisure-time MVPA was associated with BP in a dose-dependent manner. β Coefficients (95% CI) from linear regression analyses were -1.64 (-2.03 to -1.24), -2.29 (-2.68 to -1.90), and finally -2.90 (-3.29 to -2.50) mm Hg systolic BP for the low, middle, and highest tertile of MVPA compared with "No MVPA" as the reference group after adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking and alcohol use. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated the associations by 30% to 50%, but more MVPA remained significantly associated with lower BP and lower risk of hypertension. This association was age dependent. β Coefficients (95% CI) for the highest tertiles of commuting-and-leisure-time MVPA were -1.67 (-2.20 to -1.15), -3.39 (-3.94 to -2.82) and -4.64 (-6.15 to -3.14) mm Hg systolic BP in adults <40, 40 to 60, and >60 years, respectively. Conclusions Higher commuting and leisure-time but not occupational MVPA were significantly associated with lower BP and lower hypertension risk at all ages, but these associations were stronger in older adults.
Abstract Objective Describe the proportion of total moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time that is represented by specific types of physical activity among active adults. Methods We ...analyzed data from 4750 adult participants in the 2008 Health Survey for England who reported ≥ 30 min of MVPA on ≥ 5 days per week. The proportion of their MVPA time spent in: occupational, domestic, walking, exercise and fitness, team sports, non-team sports, outdoor pursuit, and leisure pursuit activities were calculated and averaged across 6 age categories. Results Exercise and fitness activities make up a greater proportion of total MVPA for young adults (16–24 years: men = 27%; women = 21%) than old adults (65+ years: 12%; 11%); the same is true for Team sports (16–24 years: 12%, 2%; 65+ years: 0%, 0%). Domestic activities make up a greater proportion of total MVPA time among older men and women (16–24 years: 9%, 16%; 65+ years: 34%, 38%). Walking is one of the most important contributors to total MVPA across all age groups for both sexes (range all ages: 26–42%, 37–45%). Conclusion The physical activity profile of physically active English adults varies with age. Age-specific interventions to increase physical activity among adults may be needed.
There is no consensus on whether climate change has yet affected the statistics of tropical cyclones, owing to their large natural variability and the limited period of consistent observations. In ...addition, projections of future tropical cyclone activity are uncertain, because they often rely on coarse-resolution climate models that parameterize convection and hence have difficulty in directly representing tropical cyclones. Here we used convection-permitting regional climate model simulations to investigate whether and how recent destructive tropical cyclones would change if these events had occurred in pre-industrial and in future climates. We found that, relative to pre-industrial conditions, climate change so far has enhanced the average and extreme rainfall of hurricanes Katrina, Irma and Maria, but did not change tropical cyclone wind-speed intensity. In addition, future anthropogenic warming would robustly increase the wind speed and rainfall of 11 of 13 intense tropical cyclones (of 15 events sampled globally). Additional regional climate model simulations suggest that convective parameterization introduces minimal uncertainty into the sign of projected changes in tropical cyclone intensity and rainfall, which allows us to have confidence in projections from global models with parameterized convection and resolution fine enough to include tropical cyclones.
Abstract
Purpose: An enriched environment (EE) facilitates physical, cognitive and social activity in animal models of stroke. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether enriching the ...environment of a mixed rehabilitation unit increased stroke patient activity. Methods: A non- randomized controlled trial was conducted. Direct observation was used to determine the difference in change in physical, cognitive, social or any activity over 2 weeks in patients exposed to an enriched versus non-enriched environment. Results: Stroke patients in the EE (n = 15) were 1.2 (95% CI 1.0-1.4) times more likely to be engaged in any activity compared with those in a non-enriched environment (n = 14). They were 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) times more likely to be engaged in cognitive activities, 1.2 (95% CI 1.0-1.5) times more likely to be engaged in social activities, 0.7 (95% CI 0.6-0.9) times as likely to be inactive and alone and 0.5 (95% CI 0.4-0.7) times as likely to be asleep than patients without enrichment. Conclusions: This preliminary trial suggests that the comprehensive model of enrichment developed for use in a rehabilitation unit was effective in increasing activity in stroke patients and reducing time spent inactive and alone.Implications for RehabilitationStroke patients within a mixed rehabilitation unit who are exposed to an enriched environment (EE) are more likely to be engaged in activity than those not exposed to the enriched environment.Patients in enriched conditions are less likely to be "inactive and alone" or asleep during waking hours.These results suggest a comprehensive model of enrichment is effective in increasing activity levels.
In this paper we present a classifier based on a hidden Markov model (HMM) that was applied to a gait treadmill dataset for gait phase detection and walking/jogging discrimination. The gait events ...foot strike, foot flat, heel off, toe off were detected using a uni-axial gyroscope that measured the foot instep angular velocity in the sagittal plane. Walking/jogging activities were discriminated by processing gyroscope data from each detected stride. Supervised learning of the classifier was undertaken using reference data from an optical motion analysis system. Remarkably good generalization properties were achieved across tested subjects and gait speeds. Sensitivity and specificity of gait phase detection exceeded 94% and 98%, respectively, with timing errors that were less than 20 ms, on average; the accuracy of walking/jogging discrimination was approximately 99%.
Roland Erne's view of transnational trade union networks challenges the assertion that no realistic prospect exists for remedying the European Union's democratic deficit-that is, its domination by ...corporate interests and lack of a cohesive European people. His book describes the emergence of a European trade union movement that crosses national boundaries. Erne assesses national and EU-level trade union politics in two core areas: wage bargaining in the European Monetary Union and job protection during transnational corporate mergers and restructuring. The wage coordination policies of the European metal and construction workers' unions and the unions' responses in the ABB-Alstom Power and Alcan-Pechiney-Algroup merger cases, Erne finds, show that the activities of labor are not confined to the national level: labor's policies have undergone Europeanization. This cross-national borrowing of tactics is itself proof of the increasing integration of European states and societies.
European Unionsis based on an exceptionally wide range of research methods, including statistical analysis, participant observation, and interviews with EU-level, national, and local trade unionists and works councilors. It also draws on a wide range of European, German, French, Italian, and Swiss union documents and a multilingual body of academic literature across several disciplines, including political science, sociology, and law. Erne's multilevel inquiry goes beyond country-by-country comparisons of national cases and his book will prove of great relevance to readers interested in the future of labor, social justice, and democracy in an increasingly integrated world.
Recent research suggests that participation in organized extracurricular activities by children and adolescents can have educational and occupational payoffs. This research also establishes that ...participation is strongly associated with social class. However, debate has ensued—primarily among qualitative researchers—over whether the association between class and activities stems exclusively from inequalities in objective resources and constraints or whether differing cultural orientations have a role. We address this debate using a nationally representative sample of children's time diaries, merged with extensive information on their families, to model participation in, and expenditures on, organized activities. While we cannot directly observe cultural orientations, we account for a substantially wider array of resources and constraints than previous studies. We find that, above and beyond these factors, maternal education has a consistently large effect on the outcomes we study. We discuss the plausibility of a cultural interpretation of this result, as well as alternative interpretations.
•The interest in pyrimidines has grown exponentially.•Novel and efficient methodologies for the synthesis of pyrimidines and pyrimidine containing compounds have described.•Newer findings related to ...biological activities and SARs of pyrimidine derivatives have discussed.•Therapeutic applications of pyrimidine drugs are extensively reviewed.•This review may be helpful for medicinal chemists in the future for the development of novel and potent drug candidates.
Heterocyclic derivatives as a major group of organic compounds are enormously used for a wide range of pharmaceutical and industrial applications. They are known for their biological and pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, and anti-viral activities. The pyrimidine and pyrimidine containing ring have attracted much attention as they are available in the substructures of therapeutic imperative products. The potential therapeutic properties of these heterocycles have encouraged the medicinal chemists to synthesize a large number of novel chemotherapeutic agents. The current review article focuses onthe chemistry and biological activities of pyrimidine during past years.
Display omitted
Abstract Objectives To investigate relationships between physical activities in different domains (leisure time, occupational, domestic, commuting) and health indicators (self-rated health, body mass ...index). Methods The short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and additional questions on domain specific physical activity were submitted face-to-face to 29,193 individual's age 15 years and older in the 27 member states of the Europe Union, 2 affiliated nations (Croatia, Turkey), and Cyprus North in 2005 as part of Eurobarometer 64.3. Results Leisure time physical activity (compared to no leisure time physical activity) was positively associated with self-rated health (males: Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.85, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.27, 3.58; females: OR = 2.77, 95% C.I. 2.16, 3.56) and inversely with obesity (males: OR = 0.65, 95% C.I. 0.50, 0.83; females: OR = 0.46, 95% C.I. 0.34, 0.63). Being in the highest quartile of the total volume of physical activity expressed using metabolic equivalents (in MET-min/week) (compared to being in the lowest quartile) was not related to self-rated health (males: OR = 0.99, 95% C.I. 0.81, 1.21; females: OR = 1.19, 95% C.I 0.98, 1.43) or obesity (males: OR = 1.25, 95% C.I., 0.99, 1.59; females: OR = 1.26, 95% C.I. 1.02, 1.57). Gender-specific effects were observed for other domains of physical activity. Analysis on national levels showed pronounced relationships of leisure time physical activity to health indicators. Conclusions Domains of physical activity being related to health indicators, they may pertain to surveillance.