Objective
A developmental model of alexithymia in relation to alcohol‐related risk was examined.
Method
Validated indices of parental bonding, adult attachment, alexithymia, theory of mind (ToM), ...alcohol‐related risk, and mood were administered to a nonclinical sample of 286 alcohol‐using men and women.
Results
Hierarchical regression incorporating demographic and psychosocial variables accounted for 44% of the variance in alexithymia. Modeling indicated a significant path from dysfunctional maternal bonding to insecure adult attachment to alexithymia to risky drinking; a separate path indicated an indirect effect of alexithymia in association between the deficient ToM and risky drinking.
Conclusions
Findings were consistent with a developmental model where dysfunctional parental bonding in childhood manifests in adulthood as insecure attachment and alexithymia, the latter reflecting the insufficient acquisition of emotion regulation skills; alexithymia, in turn, increases the risk of problematic drinking as an emotion regulation strategy.
Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) populations, including those who do not identify with gender binary constructs (man or woman) are increasingly recognized in health care settings. ...Research on the health of TGNC people is growing, and disparities are often noted. In this review, we examine 77 studies published between January 1, 1997 and March 22, 2017 which reported mental health outcomes in TGNC populations to (a) characterize what is known about mental health outcomes and (b) describe what gaps persist in this literature. In general, depressive symptoms, suicidality, interpersonal trauma exposure, substance use disorders, anxiety, and general distress have been consistently elevated among TGNC adults. We also used the minority stress model as a framework for summarizing existing literature. While no studies included all elements of the Minority Stress Model, this summary gives an overview of which studies have looked at each element. Findings suggest that TGNC people are exposed to a variety of social stressors, including stigma, discrimination, and bias events that contribute to mental health problems. Social support, community connectedness, and effective coping strategies appear beneficial. We argue that routine collection of gender identity data could advance our understanding mental health risk and resilience factors among TGNC populations.
•Transgender mental health literature is limited by mostly correlational studies.•Social stress (violence, transphobia, stigma) is positively associated with mental health problems.•Coping and social support are negatively associated with mental health problems.•There is a need for prospective investigation of pathways to poor mental health.
The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a widely used DSM‐correspondent self‐report measure of PTSD symptoms. The PCL was recently revised to reflect DSM‐5 changes to the PTSD criteria. ...In this article, the authors describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the PCL for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5). Psychometric properties of the PCL‐5 were examined in 2 studies involving trauma‐exposed college students. In Study 1 (N = 278), PCL‐5 scores exhibited strong internal consistency (α = .94), test‐retest reliability (r = .82), and convergent (rs = .74 to .85) and discriminant (rs = .31 to .60) validity. In addition, confirmatory factor analyses indicated adequate fit with the DSM‐5 4‐factor model, χ2(164) = 455.83, p < .001, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .07, root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08, comparative fit index (CFI) = .86, and Tucker‐Lewis index (TLI) = .84, and superior fit with recently proposed 6‐factor, χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .92, and TLI = .90, and 7‐factor, χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .93, and TLI = .91, models. In Study 2 (N = 558), PCL‐5 scores demonstrated similarly strong reliability and validity. Overall, results indicate that the PCL‐5 is a psychometrically sound measure of PTSD symptoms. Implications for use of the PCL‐5 in a variety of assessment contexts are discussed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociacion Chilena de Estres Traumatico
Lista de verificación del Trastorno por Estrés Postraumatico para el
DSM‐5
La lista de verificación del Trastorno por Estrés Post‐Traumático (LVP o PCL por sus siglas en ingles: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist) es una medida DSM‐correspondiente de auto‐reporte de síntomas de TEPT ampliamente usada. La LVP fue recientemente revisada para reflejar los cambios DSM‐5 a los criterios de TEPT. Este artículo describe el desarrollo y evaluación psicométrica inicial de LVP para DSM‐5 (LVP‐5). Fueron examinadas propiedades psicométricas de LVP‐5 en dos estudios que involucraron estudiantes universitarios expuestos a trauma. En el estudio 1 (N = 278) las puntuaciones LVP‐ 5 exhibían fuerte consistencia interna (a = .94), y confiabilidad test‐re‐test (r = .82), y convergente (rs = .74 a .85) y validez discriminativa (rs = .31 a .60). Adicionalmente, análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron un ajuste adecuado con el modelo cuatro‐factores DSM‐5, Χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001; raíz cuadrada media estandarizada residual (RMER) = .07; error cuadrado medio de aproximación (ECMA) = .08; Índice de Ajuste Comparativo (IAC) = .86; y el Índice Tucker‐Lewis (ITL) = .84, y ajuste superior con el recientemente propuesto seis‐ (Χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; RMER = .05; ECMA = .06; IAC = .92; y ITL = .90 y siete‐ (Χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; RMER = .05; ECMA = 0.6; IAC = .93; y ITL = .91) modelos factoriales. En el Estudio 2 (N = 558) las puntuaciones LVP‐5 demostraron similarmente fuerte confiabilidad y validez. En general, los resultados indican que el LVP‐5 es una medida psicométrica sólida de TEPT. Son discutidas las implicaciones para el uso de LVP‐5 en una variedad de contextos de evaluación.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
標題 : DSM‐5的創傷後壓力症檢查表(PCL‐5)發展和初步心理測量評估
撮要: 與《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》對應的創傷後壓力症檢查表(PCL)是普遍為人使用的PTSD症狀自評測量工具༌其最近因配合DSM‐5對PTSD診斷準則的修改而更新。本論文描述PCL(PCL‐5)為配合DSM‐5作出的發展和PCL‐5的初步心理測量評估༌利用兩項有關受創大學生的研究檢視PCL‐5的心理測量特性。研究一(N = 278)的PCL‐5分數反映強的內部一致性(α = .94)、重測信度(r = .82)、匯聚(rs = .74 至 .85)及判別效度(rs = .31 至 .60)。驗證性因數分析亦顯示PCL‐5跟DSM‐5的四因素模型有足夠適配度༌χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001༌
標準化殘差均方根 (SRMR) = .07༌漸進誤差均方根(RMSEA) = .08༌比較適配指數 (CFI) = .86༌Tucker Lewis指數(TLI) = .84༛並與最近提出的六因素模型(χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .92; and TLI = .90)及七因素模型(χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .93; and TLI = .91)有優越適配度。研究二(N = 558)的PCL‐5分數反映相近強度的信度和效度。整體結果反映PCL‐5是測量PTSD的好方法。論文亦討論到在各種評估情境下使用PCL‐5的意味。
标题 : DSM‐5的创伤后压力症检查表(PCL‐5)发展和初步心理测量评估
撮要: 与《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》对应的创伤后压力症检查表(PCL)是普遍为人使用的PTSD症状自评测量工具༌其最近因配合DSM‐5对PTSD诊断准则的修改而更新。本论文描述PCL(PCL‐5)为配合DSM‐5作出的发展和PCL‐5的初步心理测量评估༌利用两项有关受创大学生的研究检视PCL‐5的心理测量特性。研究一(N = 278)的PCL‐5分数反映强的内部一致性(α = .94)、重测信度(r = .82)、汇聚(rs = .74 至 .85)及判别效度(rs = .31 至 .60)。验证性因子分析亦显示PCL‐5跟DSM‐5的四因素模型有足够适配度༌χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001༌
标准化残差均方根 (SRMR) = .07༌渐进误差均方根(RMSEA) = .08༌比较适配指数 (CFI) = .86༌Tucker Lewis指数(TLI) = .84༛并与最近提出的六因素模型(χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .92; and TLI = .90)及七因素模型(χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .93; and TLI = .91)有优越适配度。研究二(N = 558)的PCL‐5分数反映相近强度的信度和效度。整体结果反映PCL‐5是测量PTSD的好方法。论文亦讨论到在各种评估情境下使用PCL‐5的意味。
What individual differences in neural activity predict the future escalation of alcohol drinking from casual to compulsive? The neurobiological mechanisms that gate the transition from moderate to ...compulsive drinking remain poorly understood. We longitudinally tracked the development of compulsive drinking across a binge-drinking experience in male mice. Binge drinking unmasked individual differences, revealing latent traits in alcohol consumption and compulsive drinking despite equal prior exposure to alcohol. Distinct neural activity signatures of cortical neurons projecting to the brainstem before binge drinking predicted the ultimate emergence of compulsivity. Mimicry of activity patterns that predicted drinking phenotypes was sufficient to bidirectionally modulate drinking. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for individual variance in vulnerability to compulsive alcohol drinking.
Chronic alcohol consumption is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the most widely used model for alcoholic liver injury ...is ad libitum feeding with the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing ethanol for 4-6 weeks; however, this model, without the addition of a secondary insult, only induces mild steatosis, slight elevation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and little or no inflammation. Here we describe a simple mouse model of alcoholic liver injury by chronic ethanol feeding (10-d ad libitum oral feeding with the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet) plus a single binge ethanol feeding. This protocol for chronic-plus-single-binge ethanol feeding synergistically induces liver injury, inflammation and fatty liver, which mimics acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver injury in patients. This feeding protocol can also be extended to chronic feeding for longer periods of time up to 8 weeks plus single or multiple binges. Chronic-binge ethanol feeding leads to high blood alcohol levels; thus, this simple model will be very useful for the study of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and of other organs damaged by alcohol consumption.
The current study assessed the association between traditional masculine norms and cannabis use, hard drug use (e.g., amphetamines and cocaine), and hazardous alcohol use at two-year follow-up. The ...sample comprised 2170 Australian emerging adult men (18–29 years old) who completed Wave 1 (2013–2014) and Wave 2 (2015–2016) of the Ten to Men: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health survey. Lagged logistic regressions showed that the playboy (Odds Ratio OR ranging 1.30–1.65) and risk-taking (OR ranging 1.35–1.96) norms conveyed risk for each of hazardous alcohol use, cannabis use, and hard drug use at two-year follow-up. Several outcome-specific findings were also demonstrated across the hegemonically-masculine norms, with increased adherence to certain hegemonically-masculine norms conveying risk for engagement in substance use in emerging adult men. These findings suggest that treatments focusing on improving social supports might help emerging men avoid substance abuse issues.
Highlights • Compared to World Health Organization (WHO) binge drinkers, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) bingers were younger and were more likely males. • Drinking ...frequencies and average levels of drinking were greater among NIAAA bingers. • Features of alcohol-related aftermaths and psychiatric problems were more frequent. • An overall severity gradient was found between non-bingers, WHO bingers, and NIAAA bingers
The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) recently released a new definition of recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD). A patient is considered recovered if they are remitted ...from DSM-5 AUD and report cessation of heavy drinking. The NIAAA has also recently proposed the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) to guide treatment research. Negative emotionality is one of three domains of the ANA and theory proposes that AUD is maintained by negative reinforcement via the relief of negative affect. The purpose of the current study was to examine: (1) the relationship of end-of-treatment negative emotionality and NIAAA recovery, and (2) the ability of NIAAA recovery at the end of treatment to predict three- and six-month drinking outcomes.
At baseline and end-of-treatment, women and men (n = 181) in treatment for AUD completed measures of negative emotionality, drinking, and were assessed for DSM-5 AUD diagnostic criteria. At three- and six-months post-treatment, drinking was re-assessed.
22.5% (n = 24) of participants met full criteria for NIAAA recovery at end-of-treatment. Lower levels of end of treatment negative emotionality were associated with increased odds of achieving NIAAA recovery. Meeting NIAAA recovery predicted greater percent days abstinent (PDA) and lower percent heavy drinking days (PHDD) at 3-months, but not at 6-months post-treatment.
This study is among the first to report a relationship between the negative emotionality domain of the ANA and NIAAA recovery. Results underscore the importance of addressing negative emotionality in treatment. Findings also suggest that NIAAA recovery predicts positive short term drinking outcomes.
•Lower levels of end of AUD treatment negative emotionality were associated with greater odds of achieving NIAAA recovery.•Achieving NIAAA recovery predicted better 3-month drinking outcomes.•Meeting only one of the NIAAA recovery criteria was conferred no benefit at 3- and 6- month follow ups.
PDF
