•12% of HIV-infected or -exposed uninfected kids had bacteremia at hospitalization•For children found to have bacteremia, in-hospital mortality was 19%•Nearly 70% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates ...were methicillin resistant (MRSA)•~50% of Klebsiella isolates had extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production•High MRSA and ESBL has implications for the empiric antibiotics used in Mozambique
Bacteremia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children infected with HIV present with patterns of bacteremia generally associated with poor prognosis. In Mozambique, data on bacteremia are sparce.
We conducted an observational study of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected children, aged 0-59 months, hospitalized with fever between April 1, 2016 and February 28, 2019. A single bacterial culture was collected at admission. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize microorganisms detected and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
A total of 808 HIV-infected (90%) and HIV-exposed uninfected (10%) children were enrolled. Blood culture positivity was 12% (95% CI: 9.9%-14.4%). Five organisms accounted for most cases: Staphylococcus Aureus (37%), Klebsiella spp (11%), Salmonella spp (11%), Escherichia Coli (9%) and Micrococcus (7%). Antibiotic resistance was common. Nearly 70% of Staphylococcus Aureus were methicillin-resistant and roughly 50% of Klebsiella had ESBL production.
Community-acquired bacteremia was common in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected children hospitalized in Mozambique with a febrile illness. High rates of MRSA and ESBL producing organisms has implications for empiric antibiotics utilized in Mozambique. Longitudinal data on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of important pathogens are badly needed to guide policy for drug formulary expansion and antibiotic prescription guidelines.
•Antibiotics classification is summarized based on chemical structure and mode of action.•Development of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance.•Antibiotic hybrid drugs against antibiotic resistance.
...Antibiotics discovery has always played an important role in curing several outpacing resistances. Effective treatments for many of the common infectious diseases have now been possible. The question came up with the nature of infectious diseases, which lead to the discovery of antibiotics and setting up levels along with the discovery of synthetic models. The discoveries in the field of antibiotics have increased the average life expectancy of humans. However, the antibiotic resistance developed by microorganisms is still a matter of concern. The sensitivity and resistivity of bacteria is the most important factor to be discussed while talking about antibiotics. In this review, the era of antibiotic discovery along with recent advances in discovery/development and manufacturing, mechanism of action, and cellular targets of antibiotics along with the major components like sensitivity and antibiotic resistance have been discussed.
Display omitted
Introduction: Carbapenem Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii (CRAB) is a dangerous nosocomial pathogen that can cause high mortality in patients. This bacterium has a remarkable ability to acquire ...various resistance mechanisms due to this it is considered as one of the health priorities. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of the OXA-23, OXA-24, and OXA-58 genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected from burn wound samples in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done during 11 months period from December 2018 to October 2019, 74 A. baumannii isolates were collected from those admitted to the Burns Unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. The 74 A. baumannii isolates were detected using particular bacteriological methods. Following determination of the antibiotic sensitivity of the specimens using the disk diffusion technique, polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the frequency of the OXA-23, OXA-24, and OXA-58 genes using their specific primers. Data were analysed using Fisher’s-exact test and Chi-squared test in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: All the 74 A. baumannii isolates were MultidrugResistant (MDR) (41 from males and 33 from females). The highest drug resistance was against cefotaxime (100%) and piperacillin (98.6%), while all the isolates were sensitive to polymyxin B and colistin. Oxacillinase genes with the highest and lowest frequencies were OXA-23 (64.7%) and OXA-58 (3.5%), respectively. The highest frequency of isolates with two genes were related to OXA-23 and OXA-24. A significant relationship was observed among the existence of oxacillinase genes and resistance to some antibiotics. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the significance of OXA carbapenemase genes in burn patients. Due to the high drug resistance of A. baumannii isolates collected from wound samples, the identification of carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii isolates is paramount in developing prevention and control programs for these drug-resistant isolates.
Ochrobactrum intermedium (O. intermedium) is a novel emerging gram negative bacillus infecting immunocompromised hosts. It is known for its multidrug resistance and to distinguish it from other ...species of Ochrobactrum genus by conventional methods, is often difficult. Here, authors report two unusual and interesting cases of bacterial infection due to O. intermedium in a 28-yearold female and 46-year-old male having Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection. Rapid identification by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and patient’s treatment guided by antibiotic sensitivity yielded in favourable outcome. Present report describes clinical and microbiological characteristics of this rare pathogen and also highlights the need of automated methods for proper identification of such opportunistic pathogens and their unique antibiotic susceptibility profiles.
•Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue confronting healthcare providers and their patients.•Empirical antimicrobial therapy should be composed of antimicrobials to cover Gram-positive and ...Gram-negative organisms.•The antibiogram suggests that certain pathogens still remain sensitive to number of antimicrobial agents.•No single antimicrobial agent can cover all possible pathogens isolated from diabetic foot infections.
Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are major public health concerns. In the view of the ever increasing burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, improving the use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) is a national priority. Objective of the study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) pattern of aerobes in DFIs.
A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 3 years at Department of Surgery, Kasturba hospital, Manipal, India during which, 260 diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients admitted in the general surgery wards were enrolled for the study. These patients’ culture specimens were observed as Gram-stained smears and cultured aerobically on blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. AMS test was performed by disc diffusion technique according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
A total of 354 microbes were isolated from the ulcer wounds of 213 diabetic foot patients, with an average of 1.7 organisms per lesion. Monomicrobial infections were less common (n=81; 31.2%) than polymicrobial infections (n=132; 50.7%). Gram-negative bacteria were the most common among the isolates (n=192; 54.2%). Aerobic Gram-positive Cocci accounted for 162 (45.8%) of all isolates. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated aerobe (n=106; 29.9%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=91; 25.7%).
AMS data from our study recommends that doxycycline would be the appropriate choice as single drug for empirical coverage for Gram-positive organisms. The most appropriate antibiotic for Gram-negative organisms is meropenem. One of the critical observations is the presence of Acinetobacter, an MDR isolated from DFIs, which is either relatively or totally resistant to all the AMAs tested.
•Microbial contamination of street food sold in Quetta.•38% (121/320) of ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with microbial pathogens.•Food quality was worse in summer months.•Salmonella ...enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.•Isolated pathogens showed antibiotic resistance.
Ready-to-eat (RTE) food sold in Quetta, Pakistan was assessed for microbial contamination.
Equal numbers of samples were collected from four categories of RTE food – burgers, shawarma, pizza and sandwiches – from January 2018 to December 2018. Microbial contamination of individual food samples was assessed by quantifying the total aerobic count obtained from plating samples on bacterial growth medium. Salmonella spp. serovars were identified using polymerase chain reaction.
Approximately 38% (121/320) of RTE food samples were not fit for human consumption. The most contaminated type of RTE food was shawarma (49%). Microbial contamination of food samples was higher in summer compared with the other seasons. Approximately 40% (49/121) of food samples that were not fit for human consumption were contamined with Salmonella spp. Salmonella enteritidis (69%) and Salmonella typhimurium (31%) were the only serovars among the samples testing positive for Salmonella spp. Of the 49 samples with high microbial counts, S. enteritidis was present in 34 samples and S. typhimurium was present in 15 samples. The antibiotic sensitivity results demonstrated that both S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium were resistant to amoxicillin. In addition, S. enteritidis was resistant to chloramphenicol and erythromycin, and S. typhimurium presented high resistance to erythromycin. Both S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were highly sensitive to kanamycin.
RTE food sold by street vendors in Quetta was found to be contaminated with Salmonella spp. and poses a great health risk to consumers. As such, consumption should be avoided, and the health authorities should take stringent action to ensure the quality of street food in order to reduce the healthcare burden.
PDF
