Fault detection and diagnosis for process plants has been an active area of research for many years. This review presents a concise overview on supervised and unsupervised data‐driven approaches for ...fault detection and diagnosis in chemical processes. Methods based on supervised and unsupervised data‐driven techniques are reviewed, and the challenges in the field of fault detection and diagnosis have also been highlighted. It is observed that most of the data‐driven approaches are application specific, in that no single method can be used to obtain a generalized solution for nearly all purposes. The methods reviewed differ significantly from one to the other, and hence it is difficult to generalize any key similarity. The majority of the works proposed in the literature focused mainly on single fault detection, and do not cover the root‐cause diagnosis of the detected faults. In cases where both detection and diagnosis are performed, the focus is mainly for a single fault. In addition, majority of the articles do not extend to the diagnosis of the root cause for multiple and simultaneous faults.
Fault detection and diagnosis for process plants has been an active area of research for many years. A concise overview on supervised and unsupervised data‐driven approaches for fault detection & diagnosis in chemical processes is presented. The challenges in the field of fault detection and diagnosis are also highlighted. The majority of the works proposed in the literature focused mainly on single fault detection, and do not cover the root‐cause diagnosis of the detected faults.
Complexity and variety of modern multiobjective optimisation problems result in the emergence of numerous search techniques, from traditional mathematical programming to various randomised ...heuristics. A key issue raised consequently is how to evaluate and compare solution sets generated by these multiobjective search techniques. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of solution set quality evaluation. Starting with an introduction of basic principles and concepts of set quality evaluation, this article summarises and categorises 100 state-of-the-art quality indicators, with the focus on what quality aspects these indicators reflect. This is accompanied in each category by detailed descriptions of several representative indicators and in-depth analyses of their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, issues regarding attributes that indicators possess and properties that indicators are desirable to have are discussed, in the hope of motivating researchers to look into these important issues when designing quality indicators and of encouraging practitioners to bear these issues in mind when selecting/using quality indicators. Finally, future trends and potential research directions in the area are suggested, together with some guidelines on these directions.
This article contributes to the discourse of innovation and transfer strategies in German teacher education by (1) providing a conceptual analysis of prevalent approaches and (2) introducing a ...transdisciplinary perspective. The conceptual analysis indicates that top-down and bottom-up approaches lack either transformative momentum or scientific rigor. Collaborative approaches aim to mitigate this dilemma, but remain biased towards unidirectional innovation and transfer processes. In contrast, transdisciplinary approaches advocate for integrative and systemic pathways for educational change, which interlinks research and practice in teaching and teacher education. Illustrating examples from a boundary-crossing research and development project support this perspective.
•Innovation and transfer are imperative for a future-oriented teaching profession.•Top-down approaches lack transformative momentum due to insufficient adaptability.•Bottom-up approaches lack scientific rigor and scalability.•Transdisciplinary collaboration fosters mutual learning and integration.•This allows for systemic change in academic teacher education and school practice.
Studies on the efficacies of vermicomposting and composting in countering the toxic impacts of pollutant cocktails in municipal solid waste (MSW) are scarce. Moreover, further research is needed to ...explore earthworms' remediation preferences for various pollutants in heterogeneous vermicomposting feedstocks, such as MSW. Therefore, removal dynamics of pesticides (chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and carbofuran), pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and carbamazepine), and heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in MSW-based vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) and composting systems were evaluated through multivariate analytical techniques (principal component (PCA) and multi-factor (MFA)) on the R-platform. Both earthworms satisfactorily increased their population and augmented NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) availability, cation exchange, microbial biomass C&N, and their metabolic activity 2–3 folds more than composting, accompanied by a 3–4 folds reduction of organic C, pH, and bulk density. Correspondingly, heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals decreased by 8-10-folds via earthworm's significant pollutant removal efficiencies that subsided MSW-driven ecological risks by 60–90%. PCA and MFA revealed that N, P, and K-availability, organic C, and microbial activity were the indicative attributes for heavy metal and emerging organic micropollutant (EOMP)-removal during biocomposting; however, earthworms remove pesticides faster than pharmaceuticals and heavy metals. PCA-based novel empirical models demonstrated that in MSW-only feedstock, earthworm-mediated pollutant detoxification followed the order of pesticides > pharmaceuticals > heavy metals. However, in MSW combined with cow dung (1:1 ratio) feedstock, the detoxification order shifted to pharmaceuticals > heavy metals > pesticides. Therefore, this study provides fresh insights into pollutant-focused feedstock optimization for vermicomposting through model-based approaches, advancing the eco-friendly valorization of toxic MSW.
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•Vermitechnology has stronger positive influence on valorized MSW than composting.•Earthworms removed metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals from MSW by > 70%.•PCA and MFA showed that TOC, P, K & Ca reduction indicates high pollutant removal.•Novel empirical models could gauge earthworms' toxicant remediation preferences.
The aim of this paper is to develop some new logarithm operational laws (LOL) with real number base λ for the Pythagorean fuzzy sets. Some properties of LOL have been studied and based on these, ...various weighted averaging and geometric operators have been developed. Then, we utilized it to solve the decision‐making problems. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated with a numerical example and compared the results with the several existing approaches result. Finally, the influences of logarithmic operation and the selection of the logarithmic base λ in practice are discussed.
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•Organic waste is a renewable feedstock for biohydrogen production.•Low H2 yield and accumulation of acid metabolites are major technical glitches.•Process integration would be ...required for economically viable biohydrogen production.•The closed-loop waste biorefinery approach leads to a circular bioeconomy.
The present fossil fuel-based energy sector has led to significant industrial growth. On the other hand, the dependence on fossil fuels leads to adverse impact on the environment through releases of greenhouse gases. In this scenario, one possible substitute is biohydrogen, an eco-friendly energy carrier as high-energy produces. The substrates rich in organic compounds like organic waste/wastewater are very useful for improved hydrogen generation through the dark fermentation. Thus, this review article, initially, the status of biohydrogen production from organic waste and various strategies to enhance the process efficiency are concisely discussed. Then, the practical confines of biohydrogen processes are thoroughly discussed. Also, alternate routes such as multiple process integration approach by adopting biorefinery concept to increase overall process efficacy are considered to address industrial-level applications. To conclude, future perspectives besides with possible ways of transforming dark fermentation effluent to biofuels and biochemicals, which leads to circular bioeconomy, are discussed.
•Predictive maintenance is implemented by means of specialized systems.•Different models are used for diagnostics and prognostics in maintenance.•Predictive maintenance systems complexity increases ...over time.•Single-model approaches hardly fulfill all predictive maintenance tasks.•Multi-model approaches could be applied to address complexity.
The use of a modern technological system requires a good engineering approach, optimized operations, and proper maintenance in order to keep the system in an optimal state. Predictive maintenance focuses on the organization of maintenance actions according to the actual health state of the system, aiming at giving a precise indication of when a maintenance intervention will be necessary. Predictive maintenance is normally implemented by means of specialized computational systems that incorporate one of several models to fulfil diagnostics and prognostics tasks. As complexity of technological systems increases over time, single-model approaches hardly fulfil all functions and objectives for predictive maintenance systems. It is increasingly common to find research studies that combine different models in multi-model approaches to overcome complexity of predictive maintenance tasks, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each single model and trying to combine the best of them. These multi-model approaches have not been extensively addressed by previous review studies on predictive maintenance. Besides, many of the possible combinations for multi-model approaches remain unexplored in predictive maintenance applications; this offers a vast field of opportunities when architecting new predictive maintenance systems. This systematic survey aims at presenting the current trends in diagnostics and prognostics giving special attention to multi-model approaches and summarizing the current challenges and research opportunities.
Introduction: There are growing concerns among European health authorities regarding increasing prices for new cancer medicines, prices not necessarily linked to health gain and the implications for ...the sustainability of their healthcare systems.
Areas covered: Narrative discussion principally among payers and their advisers regarding potential approaches to the pricing of new cancer medicines.
Expert opinion: A number of potential pricing approaches are discussed including minimum effectiveness levels for new cancer medicines, managed entry agreements, multicriteria decision analyses (MCDAs), differential/tiered pricing, fair pricing models, amortization models as well as de-linkage models. We are likely to see a growth in alternative pricing deliberations in view of ongoing challenges. These include the considerable number of new oncology medicines in development including new gene therapies, new oncology medicines being launched with uncertainty regarding their value, and continued high prices coupled with the extent of confidential discounts for reimbursement. However, balanced against the need for new cancer medicines. This will lead to greater scrutiny over the prices of patent oncology medicines as more standard medicines lose their patent, calls for greater transparency as well as new models including amortization models. We will be monitoring these developments.
Summary Objectives: The clinical management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) remains controversial. Since universally accepted guidelines have not been released yet, ...clinicians usually chose the type of treatment according to position papers based on expert opinion, or on empirical experience. The aim of this systematic review is to identify different therapeutical approaches for BRONJ that have been described in literature and to describe their effectiveness. Materials and Methods: A Medline via Pubmed and Scopus database literature search was conducted and all publications fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in eligibility assessment. The full texts of 146 retrieved articles were then screened and 40 studies were included in the quality assessment process. Results: After quality assessment, 22 full text articles were selected for the final review. 14 articles out of 22 were screened for stage-related outcomes. The overall outcome results and results for every disease stage were the highest when patients were treated with extensive surgery or extensive laser assisted surgery.
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