Solar energy is increasingly attracting the attention of industry and academia. This heightened focus is mainly motivated by the challenge to contribute to fossil fuels' alternative and to limit the ...pollution of environment caused by their emissions. The number of researches focusing on solar photovoltaics is continually increasing. The behavior of a photovoltaic (PV) cell/module may be deduced via its current–voltage (I–V) characteristic which depends on its circuit model parameters. Whilst, the extraction of appropriate circuit model DC parameters is crucial to carry out precise performance investigations and control studies on solar PV systems, it remains highly constrained nonlinear non-convex optimization problem. The main objective of this paper is to review the existing research works on PV cell model parameter estimation problem and to assess the performance of the newest approaches. Based on the conducted review of more than 100 methods published over the past 7 years, the recommendations provided for future research are an important goal that will improve the methods of research in this area. In addition, this article implements two real models (single-diode and double-diode) and examines their accuracy to draw the current–voltage (I– V) and power–voltage (P–V) characteristics.
•More than 100 existing approaches of identification of unknown parameters of solar cell models are classified into their main categories.•The approaches of each category are reviewed and their strengths and weakness points have been highlighted.•Based on the conducted review, some directions for future research are recommended.•The review paper will be helpful for researchers and engineers in the field of PV systems.
In today's world that all sciences and technologies, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are dealing with the improvement of the existing solutions, we are looking for time-saving and ...cost-effective approaches that unveil new methods and concepts in the intended field. Survey studies provide a quick and comprehensive access to these concepts in the intended realm. Having this motivation in mind and considering the impact of clustering process on controlling and managing energy consumption of WSNs, we focus on clustering and cluster-based multi-hop routing protocols to provide an expansive assessment in terms of methodology. In this survey, some parameters are presented for evaluating the properties of the different methods. Then, the studied methods are classified from the perspective of methodology into four categories: classical approaches, fuzzy-based approaches, metaheuristic-based approaches and hybrid metaheuristic- and fuzzy-based approaches. In each category of the classification, criteria and parameters are presented according to the type of methodology to evaluate the methods; thenceforth, all methods in each class are evaluated in terms of the clustering-based parameters and methodology-based parameters and eventually discussed. In an effort to provide accurate and useful information and motivate audiences, this evaluation, regardless of providing a useful assessment, intends to propose a new approach for examining methods by considering the methodology-based parameters such as capabilities and constraints, examined inputs and outputs in each method, type of algorithm used in the methods, the purpose of using algorithms, etc. This survey can be useful for researchers as the starting point for a quick understanding of shortcomings and deficiencies in this field to carry out further investigations in the future.
Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants owing to their toxicity, longevity in the atmosphere, and ability to accumulate in the human body via bioaccumulation. The pollution of ...terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is a major environmental concern that has consequences for public health. Most heavy metals occur naturally, but a few are derived from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metals are characterized by their high atomic mass and toxicity to living organisms. Most heavy metals cause environmental and atmospheric pollution, and may be lethal to humans. Heavy metals can become strongly toxic by mixing with different environmental elements, such as water, soil, and air, and humans and other living organisms can be exposed to them through the food chain. Plenty of experimental studies were performed to appraise the promising treatment options from natural products. Additionally, nanotechnology based treatment options are being constantly developed. As an emerging field, nanotechnology is making substantial advances in the analysis and removal of heavy metals from complicated matrices. Removal of heavy metal has been accomplished by the use of a variety of nanomaterials, including graphene and its derivatives, magnetic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, to name a few. Using nanotechnology for heavy metal analysis and removal from food and water resources provides many benefits over traditional methods. These advantages include a broad linear range, low detection and quantification limits, a high sensitivity, and high selectivity. Therefore this review aimed to explore the environmental consequences of the heavy metals, toxicity to the human health, as well as novel therapeutics development from the natural resources. Additionally, nanotechnological and nanomedicinal applications to treat heavy metal toxicity are also highlighted in this review.
Lithium-ion battery is an appropriate choice for electric vehicle (EV) due to its promising features of high voltage, high energy density, low self-discharge and long lifecycles. The successful ...operation of EV is highly dependent on the operation of battery management system (BMS). State of charge (SOC) is one of the vital paraments of BMS which signifies the amount of charge left in a battery. A good estimation of SOC leads to long battery life and prevention of catastrophe from battery failure. Besides, an accurate and robust SOC estimation has great significance towards an efficient EV operation. However, SOC estimation is a complex process due to its dependency on various factors such as battery age, ambient temperature, and many unknown factors. This review presents the recent SOC estimation methods highlighting the model-based and data-driven approaches. Model-based methods attempt to model the battery behavior incorporating various factors into complex mathematical equations in order to accurately estimate the SOC while the data-driven methods adopt an approach of learning the battery's behavior by running complex algorithms with a large amount of measured battery data. The classifications of model-based and data-driven based SOC estimation are explained in terms of estimation model/algorithm, benefits, drawbacks, and estimation error. In addition, the review highlights many factors and challenges and delivers potential recommendations for the development of SOC estimation methods in EV applications. All the highlighted insights of this review will hopefully lead to increased efforts toward the enhancement of SOC estimation method of lithium-ion battery for the future high-tech EV applications.
Mealtimes shared with other people define how, what, how much, and with whom we eat. On such occasions, whether in private or public spaces, and as formal or informal events, our eating practices are ...inseparable from our interactions with other people. In this Editorial for the Special Issue on Interactional approaches to eating together and shared mealtimes, we provide an overview of the interdisciplinary field of research on eating together and shared mealtimes to illustrate the breadth and depth of work that has been developed in this area to date. The overview is divided into three broad clusters of research that focus primarily on (1) cultural or societal aspects, (2) individual outcomes, or (3) interactional practices. Commonalities across these clusters are discussed, the need for more research across a greater global and cultural diversity of eating practices is highlighted, and the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration on research on eating together and shared mealtimes across diverse scientific disciplines is explored. The papers in this Special Issue showcase a sample of contemporary work from within the cluster of research on interactional practices, and a brief overview of these papers is discussed. Finally, it is argued that as a common area of interest, social interaction as the foundation of eating practices within shared mealtimes poses considerable potential for interdisciplinary collaboration across scientific disciplines, and between scientists, professionals, and participants from the study populations.
In this article, we have employed an energy detector (ED)-based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) with multi-antenna for cognitive radio network (CRN). The spectrum sensing error and energy ...efficiency (EE) are the key performance parameters in CRN which are affected by the threshold selection method, number of antennas employed at each cognitive user (CU), reporting error probability and cooperative fusion-rule applied at fusion center (FC). Therefore, we have derived the expression for sensing error by considering the effect of all these parameters and have optimized the cooperative fusion-rule at FC by formulating mathematical expression for optimal K in k-out-of-M rule to minimize the sensing error. Since CSS improves the sensing performance of CRN at the cost of increased overhead bits due to more CUs reporting to FC, results reduced EE. We have employed censoring approach to reduce the energy consumption and hence increase the EE of CSS technique. Further, we have illustrated the sensing error and EE improvement achieved under the censoring approach when different threshold selection approaches are employed at each CU. The percentage EE enhancement in censoring approach are 19.53% and 19.9% with constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) and minimized-error probability (MEP) approaches, respectively in comparison to that of the non-censoring approach.
Wolves (Canis lupis) have been recolonizing Washington since 2008. In an effort to guide recovery and management decisions for wolves, we created a spatially explicit meta-population matrix model ...using vital rates based on empirical data from other states in the northwestern United States to estimate probability of occurrence, terminal extinction rates, and potential recovery time. We applied an existing habitat model for Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming to the Washington landscape to determine the extent of probable habitat. We then simulated an evenly distributed metapopulation based on average size of pack territories reported in central Idaho where average probability of occurrence exceeded 40%. Using the program RAMAS GIS, we created a female-only, stage matrix model with dispersal using population metrics from central Idaho and northwestern Montana. Model simulations that begin in 2009 suggest Washington should reach its recovery goals in approximately 12 years (2021). We used the model to project recovery timeframes and the risk of declining below recovery objectives if management scenarios are considered during recovery. This model is also intended to be a versatile and adaptive tool for managers to project potential carrying capacity and the minimum viable population in the future when locally derived empirical data become available as wolves recolonize Washington. The model framework can be easily adapted to guide management decisions of wolves in other states (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Wyoming) or countries and it can also provide a way to identify recovery thresholds (quasi-extinction) in other areas considered for recovery where no data are currently available.
The study aims to identify the effectiveness of integrating the systematic and visual approaches in acquiring the tenth grade students with physics concepts.The sample consisted of (142) male and ...female students who were deliberately selected from the research community in Zakho city for the academic year (2021-2022), then, they were divided into four equal groups in a number of variables according to the factorial design(2*2), two experimental groups (males, females) studied the subject according to the integration of the two entrances, and the other two controls (males, females) studied the same subject according to the usual method. In order to achieve the aim of the study and test its main hypotheses and its fields, the researchers prepared the first is a test to acquire physics concepts in its final form of (30) objective paragraphs of the two types of pairing and multiple choice of three alternatives, the tool was characterized by validity, stability and psychometric characteristics. After that, the researchers prepared a number of teaching plans for the experimental and control research groups, and then assigned the teaching of these groups to the subject’s teacher in the schools specified for the experiment. The results indicated as follows: • There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the averages of the four research groups' acquisition of physics concepts according to the method variable and in favor of the two experimental groups. • There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the averages of the four research groups' acquisition of physics concepts according to the gender and the interaction between two variables. In the light of the study results, the researchers came out with a number of implementations and recommendations for further studies.
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