U sjeni brojnih radova koji istražuju povijest Senja u 20. stoljeću stoji činjenica da je razdoblje Prvog svjetskog rata ostala relativno zanemarena i slabo obrađena tema koja još nije u dovoljnoj ...mjeri zaplijenila svjetlo historiografskog zanimanja. Nepostojanje lokalne arhivske građe i nedovoljno proučeni i objavljeni drugi izvori ističu se kao temeljni problemi s kojima se istraživač ovog razdoblja susreće. Međutim, iako su ratovi kao neizostavan dio povijesti kontinuirano dokumentirani u povijesnim vrelima, dio važnih informacija koji nije zapisan na papiru ostao je pohranjen u materijalnim tragovima čija pravilna interpretacija kroz diskurs relevantnih teorijskih okvira može ponuditi važan doprinos u analizi i rekonstrukciji različitih aspekata rata i ratovanja. Suvremena arheološka disciplina koja je fokusirana na proučavanje materijalnih ostataka proizašlih iz nekog sukoba razvijajući nove metode istraživanja koje omogućuju bolje razumijevanje ratnih događanja naziva se "arheologija sukoba" (conflict archaeology). Važan dio fokusa arheologije sukoba predstavljaju ostatci fortifikacija čija pojava nije isključivo vezana uz bojna polja. U radu se predstavlja dosad nepoznat segment senjske vojne baštine koji se odnosi na rovove koje je austrougarska vojska tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata sagradila u Parku senjskih književnika, na predjelu sv. Ambroz i oko tenis-igrališta na brdu Nehaj. Na temelju terenske prospekcije, obrade pisanih podataka i razmatranja sličnih primjera raspravlja se o povijesnom, prostornom i kronološkom kontekstu nastanka fortifikacija, a na primjeru rova u Parku senjskih književnika evaluira se njegova kulturno-povijesna važnost kao posljednjeg i izvrsno sačuvanog primjera ratne arhitekture Prvog svjetskog rata u Senju. Slijedom toga, naglašava se potreba očuvanja i zaštite objekta te otvara dijalog o mogućnostima i zahtjevima njegove obnove i valorizacije.
The present study deals with the question of the organization of the stonemasonry production of funerary monuments in the interior of the former Roman province of Dalmatia. The aim of the research ...was to identify a model of stonemasonry production that originated in a mountainous and difficult to traverse area, where the possibilities of water transport of stone material are minimal. The author started from the assumption that production centres formed in some geographical areas during Roman rule, using local limestone sources for their operation. The study includes funerary monuments discovered in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the western part of Serbia and Montenegro. By combining the methods of macroscopic petrographic analysis of the stone material and typological and spatial analysis, the existence of several production centres was proven. The results of the analyses indicate a very likely that they exploited the local limestone resources. Epigraphic data also made it possible to define their chronological aspect.
U radu se donose rezultati zaštitnoga arheološkog istraživanja prapovijesne kamene gomile u Drinovcima (općina Grude, Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina). Iskopavanjima je dokumentirano ukupno pet ...grobova koji se mogu smjestiti unutar dva vremenska horizonta – prapovijesni (grobovi 1, 2 i 5) i srednjovjekovni (grobovi 3 i 4). Grob 1, iako devastiran, jedini je sadržavao nalaze. Riječ je o vitici izrađenoj od dvostruke – tzv. beskonačne, spiralno namotane zlatne žice, s tim kako je u neposrednoj blizini pronađen još jedan primjerak istih tipoloških obilježja koji je deformiran. Riječ je o, za sada, najstarijim poznatim te objavljenim zlatnim nalazima s prostora Bosne i Hercegovine. Najbolje analogije zlatnim predmetima iz Drinovaca pronalazimo u srednjem i početnim etapama kasnoga brončanog doba širega srednjoeuropskog prostora. Riječ je o predmetima sa širokim arealom rasprostiranja koji svjedoče o uključenosti prostora promatrane kulturne regije, odnosno lokalnih elita u tada već aktivnu supraregionalnu mrežu razmjene i komunikacije. Nadalje, istraživanjem su na prostoru između grobova prikupljeni i keramički ulomci prapovijesne fakture koji su mahom lišeni užih prepoznatljivih tipoloških elemenata. Prostor istraživane gomile je i kasnije, u vremenu kasnoga srednjeg vijeka, korišten kao mjesto pokopavanja, što je dosta dobro dokumentirana, no nažalost još uvijek slabo istražena praksa kulturne regije.
The paper presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavations at the prehistoric stone mound in Drinovci (Grude Municipality, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The excavations documented a total of five graves that can be placed within two time horizons: the prehistoric (graves 1, 2, 5) and the medieval (graves 3, 4). Grave 1, while badly damaged, was the only one with any finds: a tendril made of spirally coiled double (“infinite”) gold wire, and a deformed specimen with the same typological characteristics in its immediate vicinity. They are the oldest known and published gold finds from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The best analogies to the gold objects from Drinovci come from the middle and early stages of the Late Bronze Age in a wider Central European area. These widely distributed objects show that this cultural region, or its local elites, participated in the already active supra-regional network of exchange and communication. Moreover, the excavations in the space between the graves found potsherds of prehistoric features, largely devoid of narrowly identifiable typological elements. The area of the excavated mound was again used as a burial site in the late Middle Ages, which is a well-documented but unfortunately still poorly researched practice of this cultural region.
The town of Varaždin was surrounded by a fortification in the shape of an irregular quadrilateral with bastions, semi-circular half towers and north and south town gates which were entered across ...wooden bridges stretching over a moat. According to historical sources, its construction was associated with the impending threat to the wider area of the Kingdom of Croatia and Styria in the second half of the 15th century, while the underlying mediaeval fortification layer that preceded it has not been sufficiently researched yet. Although the exact time of the beginning of its construction remains unknown, the existence and construction of the walls is mentioned in the sources as early as 1516. Some elements indicating the appearance of the fortification around the settlement before it was modernised are known from historical sources, but its final transformation occurred in the Renaissance during the restoration of the feudal fortification into a Wasserburg, when these two elements were connected with a shared fortification system. Apart from repairs, after this period there were no significant interventions on the fortification until the second half of the 18th century, when the east and west walls were breached for the purpose of urban development and to facilitate transport. At the beginning of the 19th century the fortification was systematically demolished, leaving only the foundations of the walls beneath the street level and individual segments in the foundations of houses.
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The core of the city of Varaždin is defined as a space that was surrounded with town’s graveyards and fortifications, by the 19th century, together with the site of the Old City fortress. ...Archaeological researches in this area were possible to divide into three main periods, in chronological order and in terms of performance intensity. The period before and during World War II (Filić’s research), then the period after the World War II and the period after 1993 The first period is characterized by the very beginning of excavation, since 1938 until 1943 when in the territory ofthe fortress the Old Town, under the direction of Krešimir Filić, was excavated in the area, due to the need of landscaping around the Old Town. The next period after the World War II was the time of stagnation of archaeological research in the city and it was marked by only two major archaeological researches in the city’s territory; research of the so-called Brvnara (log cabin) on today’s Franciscan Square in 1954 and 1962/63 year, probe in the inner courtyard of the Old Town fortress, led by B. Vikić from the Zagreb Archaeological Museum. The rest were only minor probes around the fort, architectural character in 1970/71 and sporadic rescue interventions of the curators of the Varaždin City Museum on locations within the city; in the 1966. Kukuljevićeva street, and in 1984 at the “Varteks” department store in the very center of the town. In the last period, since 1993, when two major archaeological excavations occur in the city (Blažekova street and corner of Šenoina street and Pavlinska street), archeological surveys and research intensified, with well supporting documentation. In that way, a total of 24 locations investigated within the city have been documented up to today, while the area within the territory of the fortress of the Old City during this period, was investigated on multiple archaeological probes, on 6 occasions.
Terminološke probleme pri istraživanju glazbe antičkih razdoblja nalazimo podjednako kod arheoloških i muzikoloških autora. Jedno od područja koje pati zbog nedostatka suradnje ovih dviju struka jest ...organologija. Čak i najkraći odlomci o glazbi antičke Grčke spomenut će liru, kitaru i aulos, no rijetko se koji autor detaljnije bavi terminološkim problemom žičanih instrumenata. Usporedbom opisa i ilustracija uočit ćemo velike nepodudarnosti unutar struka, pa čak i pojedinačnih djela. Najveći terminološki problem u klasificiranju žičanih instrumenata stvara termin lira koji se rabi generički i za pojedinačni instrument. Kako su odlomci o glazbi u literaturi obiju struka najčešće kratki i svedeni na osnovne podatke, rijetko se koji autor dotakne navedene polisemije, čime otežava čitateljevo razumijevanje. Terminološki problemi također nastaju zbog pogrešnih ili arheološkim nalazima nepotkrijepljenog opisivanja, ali i zbog krivih prijevoda. Neki autori antičke instrumente poistovjećuju sa suvremenim kako bi izbjegli posuđenice. U slučaju da ih koriste, one su rijetko u kurzivu, a umjesto njih (ili uz njih) koriste i druge termine. Ovim radom pokušat će se prikazati terminološki problemi triju navedenih instrumenata i njihovo porijeklo na temelju istražene arheološke i muzikološke literature u nadi da će pomoći standardizaciji termina kod prevoditelja te arheoloških i muzikoloških istraživača.
Terminological problems equally arise in archeological and musicological research of ancient Greek music. One field that suffers from this lack of collaboration is organology. Even the shortest paragraphs on ancient Greek music will mention the lyre, the kithara, and the aulos but only a few authors deal with the barely noticeable terminological problem of the string instruments in detail. By comparison of descriptions and illustrations of the latter, we notice great incompatibility. The biggest terminological problem in classifying string instruments is the term lyre that is used generically and for a specific instrument. Since the paragraphs on ancient music in archeological and musicological literature are short and reduced to basic information, this polysemy is rarely mentioned. This makes the reader’s and the researcher’s understanding of the subject difficult. We find terminological problems due to wrong or uncorroborated depictions, but also because of the wrong translations from Greek and other languages. Some authors equate ancient instruments with contemporary to avoid loan-words but instead use various terms. When they use loan-words they rarely italicize them. This work will try to clarify the classification of ancient Greek string instruments by using definitions based on the studied literature and hopefully it will serve for terminology standardization that can be used by translators and researchers.
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