Somatic and biallelic
DICER1
mutations are reported in subsets of thyroid tumors, supporting the role of this gene in thyroid tumor development. As recent studies have brought attention to ...macrofollicular patterns, atrophic changes, and papillary structures as being associated with
DICER1
mutations, we sought to explore these observations in a bi-institutional cohort. A total of 61 thyroid lesions (54 tumors and 7 cases of thyroid follicular nodular disease; TFND), including 26
DICER1
mutated and 35
DICER1
wildtype controls were subjected to histological re-investigation and clinical follow-up.
DICER1-
mutated lesions showed a statistically significant association with younger age at surgery (29.2 ± 12.5 versus 51.3 ± 18.8,
p
= 0.0001), a predominant macrofollicular growth pattern (20/26 mutated cases versus 18/35 wildtype;
p
= 0.01) and atrophic changes (20/26 mutated cases versus 2/35 wildtype;
p
= 0.0001). Similar results were obtained when excluding TFND cases. We also present clinical and histological triaging criteria for
DICER1
sequencing of thyroid lesions, which led to the identification of
DICER1
variants in 16 out of 26 cases (62%) when followed. Among these, 3 out of 12 cases with available data were found to carry a constitutional
DICER1
mutation. This observation suggests that the majority of
DICER1
mutations are somatic—however implies that sequencing of constitutional tissues could be clinically motivated. We conclude that
DICER1
mutations are amassed in younger patients with macrofollicular-patterned tumors and, most strikingly, atrophic changes. Given the rate of constitutional involvement, our findings could be of clinical value, allowing the pathologist to triage cases for genetic testing based on histological findings.
To study the clinical features of inflammatory and atrophic changes (IAls) in the gastroduodenal zone (GDZ) in people with varying severity of chronic heart failure (CHF) associated with coronary ...artery disease (CAD) and to determine gastric secretion, local microcirculation, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori.
Seventy-four patients with CHF and gastric duodenal (GD) IAls who were divided into 2 groups according to its severity were examined. The specific features of impaired gastric secretory function and blood flow in the GD mucosa and its contamination with H. pylori were elucidated.
GD IAls were ascertained to be mainly focal in the patients with Stages I-Ila CHF and focal or diffuse in those with Stages IIb-III. According the clinical findings, these changes were generally shown in the concurrence of transient and unstable (in early- stage circulatory insufficiency) and prolonged and persistent (during severe congestive events) phenomena. The development of IAls in the GDZ was linked to its thrombohemorrhagic microcirculatory disorders, the severity of which increased as the symptoms of CHF progressed. In Stages I-Ila circulatory insufficiency, this was accompanied by the normal activity of acid-peptic factor, by the decreased production gastromucoproteins, and, in 58.3% of cases, by H. pylori. The patients with Stages IIb-III showed the suppressed production of all constituents of gastric secretion and H. pylori in 63.2% of cases.
The clinical manifestations and mechanisms of GD IAIs in CHF associated with CAD have a number of substantial differences in relation to its severity, which should be kept in mind when elaborating therapeutic and diagnostic measures.
A patient with an unusual association between tuberous sclerosis complex and hemimegalencephaly is reported. At 2 days of age, CT scan disclosed right hemimegalencephaly with periventricular faint ...calcification. At 1 month of age, magnetic resonance imaging showed right hemimegalencephaly with T1 and T2 shortening. The right frontal and parietal lobes were compatible with transmantle dysplasia. At 6 months of age, the right hemisphere had decreased in size. Atrophic changes continued to progress until 3 years of age. Periventricular calcification in the right hemisphere became marked with age. The patient developed frequent partial motor seizures from 6 weeks of age and infantile spasms from 5 months of age. Electroencephalogram revealed low amplitude of background activities in the right frontal area. The cause of this atrophic change in the hemimegalencephalic hemisphere, which could be a hamartomatous lesion, remains unknown.
We investigated the morphological changes in the aorta due to reduced systemic pulse pressure in prolonged nonpulsatile left heart bypass (LHB). Nineteen adult goats were divided into 3 groups, the ...nonpulsatile group in which nonpulsatile LHB was conducted, the pulsatile group in which pulsatile LHB was conducted, and the control group used as the normal control. The average aortic pulse pressures were 12, 47, and 37 mm Hg, respectively. The descending aorta was subjected to morphological examination. In the nonpulsatile group, the wall was significantly thinner, and the volume ratio of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was much lower. In terms of the SMC type classification, the proportion of SMCs with low activity and low contractility was higher, and the cell density of the SMCs was increased compared to those in the other groups. These results indicate that prolonged nonpulsatile LHB causes morphological atrophic changes in the aorta.
Background:
We used a Mongolian gerbil model to evaluate the effects of long‐term Helicobacter pylori infection on blood flow, gastric acidity and atrophic change of the gastric mucosa.
Methods:
...Infected animals were divided into eight groups according to the duration of infection: 3 months infection (MI), 6 MI, 9 MI, 12 MI, 18 MI, 24 MI, 30 MI and 36 MI (n = 6 in the 3–30 MI groups and n = 11 in the 36 MI group). Control animals were divided into the same eight groups (3–36 MC; n = 6 in each group). Blood flow and gastric acidity were measured and atrophic changes were analyzed in each group. The gastric mucosa was divided into areas termed F (chief cells observed continuously), f1 (number of chief cells decreased and no longer continuous), f2 (parietal cells scattered and chief cells not seen) and P (only pyloric glands observed). Atrophic changes were classified as normal, mild, moderate and severe on the basis of the percentage of the F area and the presence or absence of the f2 area.
Results:
Blood flow did not show any significant difference between the control groups, but decreased significantly in the 12–36 MI groups compared with the 3–9 MI groups (P < 0.0001). The pH was significantly higher in the 12–36 MC groups than in the 6 and 9 MC groups (P < 0.002). The pH was significantly higher in the 9–36 MI groups than in the 6 MI group (P < 0.006). Atrophic changes were not found in the 3–9 MC groups, but mild atrophic changes were observed in the 12–24 MC groups and moderate atrophic changes were observed in the 30 and 36 MC groups. Atrophic changes were moderate in the 3–18 MI groups and severe in the 24–36 MI groups.
Conclusion:
The present study shows that atrophic changes progress with aging naturally and that H. pylori infection accelerates this change to induce a severe decrease in blood flow and gastric acid secretion.
The effects of loss and restoration of occlusal function on periodontal tissues were investigated using rats as a model system. In the occlusal loss group, the left maxillary molars were reduced by ...cutting the crowns to produce loss of occlusion. In the occlusal restoration group, dental restoration was performed on the crown of the molars 21 days after cutting. Untreated normal rats were used as the control group. In all three groups, the periodontal tissues of the first molar on the left mandible were routinely prepared for histopathological and histometrical analysis. Rapid atrophic change was seen in the periodontal ligament due to the loss of occlusal function, and almost total loss of the functional arrangement of the periodontal ligament was observed 2-3 days after cutting the crown. At 4-5 days after cutting, new bone formation on the alveolar surface narrowed the periodontal space to about half that of the control animals. At 21 days after cutting most normal functional structures of the tissues had been lost. In the restoration group, bone resorption due to an increased number of osteoclasts was observed 1-2, days after restoration. The bone resorption tendeci to advance from the bone marrow side toward the periodontal ligament side, and the width of the periodontal space was seen to increase slowly. The number of fibroblasts increased and regeneration of fibers in the periodontal ligament occurred soon after the crown was restored. The process of periodontal ligament regeneration after recovery of occlusal function was relatively slow, but by 28 days most of the functional structures in the periodontal tissues had been restored. Thus, the periodontal tissues responded rapidly to the changes in occlusal functions. The different activities of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and cementblasts during changes in occlusal functions were observed, and each cell type appeared to play an important specific role during the occlusal loss and restoration processes.
Objects & Methods : We examined 17 patients suffering from peptic ulcers. We confirmed H. p. infection by culturing, microscopy and urease testing. 1) We graduated the degree of the inflammatory ...change and atrophic change of the gastric mucosa from the endoscopic findings. 2) We examined gastric mucosal flakes under microscopy, scoring the atrophic changes and inflammatory change, from biopsies at Sano's 4 points. Results : 1) The degree of the inflammatory change of the gastric mucosa decreased after the treatment of H. p. infection from the endoscopic findings and the pathological view points. 2) The degree of the atrophic change of the gastric mucosa didn't change after the treatment from the endoscopic findings. 3) But the degree decreased from the pathological view points at the anal side of the stomach. Discussion and Conclusion : We could evaluate the gastric mucosal inflammatory change from the endoscopic findings and the pathological view points. But we could evaluate the gastric mucosal atrophic change only from the pathological view points.
In cases of elevated type of early cancer and benign polyp of the stomach, gastric analysis was performed and the results were compared with histological findings of gastric mucosa. Both clinical ...entities were found to show lowered acid and pepsin secretory functions reflecting severe and extensive atrophic changes of gastric mucosa. Dissociation in secretory disturbance between acid and pepsin was also noticed.
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