•Comprehensive investigation of Industrial Symbiosis activity in Europe, with a mapping exercise.•Description of network typologies, size, main sectors of activity and geographical scope of networks ...in Europe.•Discussion of key drivers and challenges for Industrial Symbiosis activity in Europe.•Exploration of the main areas of contribution of Industrial Symbiosis to the Circular Economy.
Last years have seen a surge of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) development in association with ad-hoc widespread policies to encourage more circular and sustainable practices in the manufacturing sector. Developments in Europe, despite having attracted less attention in the literature, have been significant, driven both by public and private initiative. This paper provides an updated overview of IS activity in Europe, with a mapping of key networks, and a study of prevailing typologies of networks, size, geographical distribution and main streams/ resources traded. The analysis is based on a combination of desk research, gathering of primary data from case studies, a survey to IS network facilitators (n = 22) and in-depth interviews and focus groups (3) with IS practitioners, policy officers and industry representatives (n = 25). The analysis identified pockets of IS activity across all Europe, although varying in nature, resources exchanged and scale and scope of the initiatives. The average size of the mapped networks is approx. 473 members, but the median is approx. 100 members, which indicates high variability of sizes. The geographical scope of the synergies also seems to be dependent upon the following factors: 1) the type of waste stream/by-product; 2) transport costs and 3) market value of secondary materials. Types of waste streams exchanged common to most networks, are chemicals (e.g. chemical base products), biomass and agriculture by-products, wood and wood pellets, plastics, reusable construction materials, equipment, inert waste and water (different qualities including industrial water), residual heat and steam. The paper also discusses key obstacles facing IS development in Europe highlighting: 1) weakness of economic incentives given the low margin of IS projects associated to undeveloped secondary markets; 2) geographical variation of incentives and drivers, given differences in policy frameworks and support mechanisms (e.g. landfill tax levels) and 3) legislative issues that make transport over geographic boundaries extremely complex and administratively burdensome. Finally, the paper concludes with a general discussion of the potential of IS to contribute to the transition to the circular economy (CE) in Europe and identifies some key areas of future research.
V prispevku so analizirani tekst, struktura, funkcija in kontekst paremioloških enot na primeru pravljičnih tipov ATU 980 The Ungrateful Son / Lesena skleda, ATU 296 The Clay Pot and the Brass Pot in ...the River / Glineni in bakreni lonec in *ATU 71* The Blackbird and March / Kos in marec. Obravnavani pregovori in paremiološki obrazci izvirajo iz starih virov in knjig modrosti, zato jih ne moremo obravnavati izven konteksta v katerem so nastajali, saj imajo globlje korenine in tudi različno razvojno pot, kar je predstavljeno v tem članku.
•Physical modification using heating, freezing, or extrusion can denature protein structure.•Application of modern food processing methods can offer low temperature and low waste technologies in ...physical protein modification.•Some of these new methods need further researches to prove their effect on protein functional properties.
Today, there is a growing demand for novel technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, ultrasound, filtration, supercritical carbon dioxide, plasma technology, and electrical methods, which are not based on chemicals or heat treatment for modifying ingredient functionality and extending product shelf life. Proteins are essential components in many food processes, and provide various functions in food quality and stability. They can create interfacial films that stabilize emulsions and foams as well as interact to make networks that play key roles in gel and edible film production. These properties of protein are referred to as ‘protein functionality’, because they can be modified by different processing. The common protein modification (chemical, enzymatic and physical) methods have strong effects on the structure and functionality of food proteins. Furthermore, novel technologies can modify protein structure and functional properties that will be reviewed in this study.
A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)germylene undergoes a ring expansion reaction with dibromomesitylborane (MesBBr2) to afford a six‐membered dibromogermane derivative. In the presence of Lewis bases (PMe3 or ...MeNHC), reduction of the latter with two equivalents of potassium graphite (KC8) gives rise to cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene–Lewis base adducts. Upon heating, the germylene—PMe3 adduct reacts with H2 to yield a germane, probably via a base‐free germylene featuring a small HOMO–LUMO gap.
Die Ringerweiterung eines fünfgliedrigen cyclischen (Alkyl)(amino)germylens mit einem Dihaloboran gefolgt von Reduktion in Gegenwart einer Lewis‐Base führt zu sechsgliedrigen Addukten zwischen einem (Alkyl)(boryl)germylen und der Lewis‐Base. Beim Erwärmen isomerisieren diese zu cyclischen (Alkyl)(germyl)germylenen mit η3‐Koordination oder reagieren auch mit H2.
The review paper has briefly summarized the development of the use of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their derivatives as heterogeneous and recyclable catalysts/catalyst supports for various ...reactions in the period of 2005 to early 2010. The catalysis reactions involve a number of important fields, such as organic/pharmaceutical synthesis (e.g. the formation of several types of organic bonds), clean energy (e.g. the production of hydrogen and popular carbon nanotubes), and environmental pollution control (e.g. total decomposition of volatile organic compounds, photodecomposition of organic wastes, DeNO
x and DeSO
x). The authors have also commented on the state of the art of research and pointed out the potential future directions in developing LDH-based catalysts. This review has thus indicated that LDH-based catalysts are important materials useful in these fields and it is worthwhile making more efforts towards the development of LDH-based catalysts.
►We review the catalytic applications of layered double hydroxide-based catalysts. ►These catalyses involve formation of C
C, C
C, C
O, C
N, S
O. ►The applications also include removal of gaseous pollutants and H
2 production. ►The perspective in developing LDH-based catalysts has been provided.
Cryptomelane-type manganese oxides have been synthesized, characterized, and tested in the total oxidation of volatile organic compounds and CO oxidation. The structural, compositional, ...morphological, acid−base, physisorptive−chemisorptive, and thermal stability properties (especially the reversible evolution of lattice oxygen) have been studied in detail using ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy), HRSEM (high-resolution scanning electronic microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), IR (infrared) and adsorbate-IR, N2 and CO2 physisorption at 77 and 273 K, respectively, TPD-MS (temperature-programmed decomposition−mass spectroscopy), and TGA-DSC (thermogravimetric analysis−differential scanning calorimetry) techniques. Kinetic and mechanistic studies for the catalytic function have been conducted and related to the characterization results. Cryptomelane has shown to be highly microporous, by using CO2 physisorption, and highly hydrophobic, possessing both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites. A part of the lattice oxygen atoms can be reversibly removed from the framework and recovered at elevated temperature without changing the framework structure. These lattice oxygen atoms can react with CO even at room temperature and are active sites for the oxidation of benzene. The consumed lattice oxygen atoms are replenished by gaseous oxygen to complete a catalytic cycle. The ease of reversible evolution of lattice oxygen, together with the high porosity, hydrophobicity, and acidity, leads to the excellent oxidation properties of OMS-2.
Die Synthese und Charakterisierung der ersten, nur durch eine Lewis‐Base (LB) stabilisierten Phosphanylalan‐ und ‐galan‐Stammverbindungen wird berichtet. Die dazugehörigen, substituierten ...Verbindungen wie IDipp⋅GaH2PCy2 (1) (IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐imidazolin‐2‐yliden) wurden durch die Reaktion von LiPCy2 mit IDipp⋅GaH2Cl erhalten. Jedoch wurden die LB‐stabilisierten Stammverbindungen IDipp⋅GaH2PH2 (3) und IDipp⋅AlH2PH2 (4) mittels Salzmetathese von LiPH2⋅DME mit IDipp⋅E′H2Cl (E′=Ga, Al) bzw. mittels H2‐Eliminierungsreaktionen von IDipp⋅E′H3 (E′=Ga, Al) mit PH3 synthetisiert. Die Verbindungen wurden als kristalline Festkörper isoliert und vollständig charakterisiert. Ergänzende DFT‐Rechnungen liefern sowohl Einblicke in die Bildungswege als auch in die Stabilität dieser Verbindungen hinsichtlich ihres Zersetzungsverhaltens.
Einfach stabilisiert: Die ersten Stammverbindungen der Phosphanylalane und ‐gallane, die nur durch eine Lewis‐Base stabilisiert sind, wurden synthetisiert. Diese Verbindungen sind über eine Salzmetathesereaktion von LB⋅E′H2Cl und LiPH2⋅DME bzw. über eine H2‐Eliminierungsreaktion zwischen LB⋅E′H3 und PH3 zugänglich.
Recently, nitrogen–phosphorous hybrid organobases such as phosphazene bases (PBs), which possess a remarkably high basicity, have been extensively studied in organic synthesis. Their applications in ...the domain of anionic polymerization are reviewed. Those non-ionic superbases generate highly reactive anionic species according to two different pathways: firstly by deprotonation of weak acids in which the protonated phosphazene base forms the cation, and secondly by complexation of the lithium cation by the phosphazene base when organolithium compounds are used as initiators. They have been successfully used for the anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of epoxides, cyclosiloxanes, cyclic esters, caprolactam, and very recently cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylates, as well as for the anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers such as methacrylates, acrylates, butadiene, and isoprene. Polymerizations with metal-free non-protonated phosphazenium counterions are also reviewed. In all cases, the rates of polymerization are much higher than those observed with metal cations, and similar to the values obtained with cryptated counterions. The use of protonated and non-protonated phosphazenium counterions leads generally to polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions, and well-controlled end groups. Advantages of PBs are discussed, and perspectives in the revisited domain of anionic activation applied to polymer chemistry are presented.
Aquaculture bioflocs is an agglomeration of organic matter and microorganisms in the aquaculture system. The bioflocs is capable of controlling water quality through absorption of undesirable ...nutrients in wastewater. It also contains microalgae such as Chlorella sp. that can be harvested for use in aquaculture applications. Nevertheless, the current harvesting technologies are based on chemicals or expensive membrane filtration. This study investigated the utilization of chitosan as a natural bio-coagulant to harvest Chlorella sp. with an emphasis on the coagulation–flocculation efficiency. The optimum dosage of chitosan at 30 mgL−1 achieved 98% of microalgae removal efficiency and 80% of biomass recovery. The treated water was safe within a neutral pH level with less than 5 NTU of turbidity. The results show that chitosan can be an alternative and environmental-friendly bio-coagulant for microalgae harvesting.
•Microbial composition of bioflocs is 35% bacteria, 29% microalgae, 24% fungi, 12% zooplankton.•Bioflocs has the ability to treat nutrient of aquaculture wastewater within 21 days of formation.•Chlorella sp. was the most dominant microalgae in bioflocs.•Optimum dosage of chitosan was 30 mg L−1 with high removal efficiency, biomass recovery, and low turbidity.
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