19. yüzyılın son çeyreği, Doğu Türkistan tarihi için özel bir durum arz etmektedir. Önceki dönemlerinde Hokant Hanlığı hizmetinde de bulunmuş olan Yakup Bek, Türkiye’de Kaşgar Emirliği olarak bilinen ...Yedişehir Devletini kurmuş ve bölgede etkin bir güç haline gelmişti. Bu makalede, söz konusu dönemde Yedişehir Devleti (Kaşgar Emirliği) ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Batı Türkistan’daki Rus istilası sırasında, buradaki hanlıklara gerekli yardımda bulunamayan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Yakup Bek’in taleplerini geri çevirmeyerek, bu devleti askerî ve siyasî olarak desteklemiştir. Bununla birlikte, Yedişehir Devleti, Osmanlı Devleti’nin yanı sıra Rusya ve İngiltere ile de siyasî ve ticari ilişkiler kurmuştur. Ancak Kaşgar ve Osmanlı ülkesinin halkı ve yöneticilerinin aynı dine inanmaları, aynı soya mensup olmaları, bu ilişkilerin daha samimi düzeyde gelişmesini sağlamıştı. Kaşgar ile İstanbul arasında diplomatik ilişkiler kurulmuş ve Kaşgar’dan İstanbul’a gelen elçilik heyeti vasıtasıyla Yakup Bek, Osmanlı sultanına tabi olduğunu bildirmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti de Kaşgar’a gönderdiği heyetle birlikte Yedişehir Devletine askeri yardımda bulunmuştur. İki ülke arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeye çalıştığımız makalemizde, arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra kaynak ve araştırma eserlerinden de yararlanılmıştır.
The last quarter of the 19th century has a special place in the history of East Turkestan. Yakup Bek, who had also served in the Hokant Khanate in his previous periods, established the Yettishar State, known as the Kashgar Emirate in Turkey, and became an effective power in the region. In this article, the relations between the Yettishar State (Emirate of Kashgar) and the Ottoman Empire in the same period were tried to be examined. During the Russian invasion in Western Turkestan, the Ottoman Empire, which could not provide the necessary assistance to the khanates here, did not refuse the demands of Yaqub Bek and supported this state militarily and politically. In addition to this, Yettishar State established political and commercial relations with Russia and England as well as the Ottoman Empire. However, the fact that the people and administrators of Kashgar and the Ottoman state believed in the same religion and belonged to the same lineage enabled these relations to develop more sincerely. Diplomatic relations were established between Kashgar and Istanbul, and through the embassy delegation from Kashgar to Istanbul, Yaqub Bek declared that he was dependent on the Ottoman sultan. The Ottoman Empire also provided military aid to the Yettishar State with the delegation it sent to Kashgar. In our article, in which we tried to examine the relations between the two countries, sources and research works were used as well as archival documents
Dîrok û roman du hêmanên sereke ne ku behsa jîyana civak û ferdan dikin. Çawa ku dîroknas xwe dispêre belgenameyan û bûyerên berê radigihîne romannivîs jî kitekit û jîyanên ku di dîrokê da nepenî ...mane şîrove dike. Em di vê xebata xwe da li ser romana Îhsan Colemêrgî ya bi navê Zeynel Beg bisekinîn gelo di vê romanê da nivîskarî çawa ji dîrokê sûd wergirtîye. Wekî cureyeka romanê ev berhem di edebîyata Kurdî da yek ji nimûneyên ewil yên ku li ser dîroka Hekaryan e. Lewma lêkolîna me ji ber vê sedemê girîng e. Di vê xebatê da me ev pirs bersivandin; gelo hêmanên romanê yên binyadgerî yên wek zîncîreya rûdanê , karakter , zeman û mekanî çawa hatine honandin, cureyê vegêr bandoreka çawa li ser romanê kirîye, wekhevîyên vê berhemê ligel romanên dî yên dîrokî çi ne? Me rêbaza nirxandina naverokê ya çawahînîyê bi kar anî. Me dît ku di navbera nivîskarî û berhema wî da têkilîyeka girîng heye. Bûyerên ku di romanê da tên vegotin ji riwangeha romannivîsekî zêdetir dişibe ya dîroknasekî. Lewma mirov dikare bibêje ku di berhemê da mînakên anakronîzmê jî tên dîtin. Lewma nivîskarî ji bo nivîsandina dîrokê roman wek amûrekê bi kar anîye
Tarih ve roman toplumların ve bireylerin hayatlarını ele alan iki önemli unsurdur. Tarihçi bilgi ve belgelere dayanarak yaşanmış olayları aktarırken romancı ise gizli ayrıntıları ve hayatları yorumlar. Bizler de bu çalışmamızda bir roman yazılırken tarihten nasıl faydalanılabileceğini Îhsan Colemêrgî’nin Zeynel Beg adlı romanı üzerinden inceledik. Eser Kürt edebiyatında, roman türünde Hakkari tarihini anlatan ilk örneklerdendir. Bu nedenle eserin incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Zeynel Beg adlı romanı ele alan bu çalışmada; olay, kişi, yer ve zaman ögelerini nasıl kurgulandığı, tercih edilen anlatıcı türünün romanın kurgusunu nasıl etkilediği, eserin diğer tarihi romanlarla ne tür benzerlikler taşıdığı, incelenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi olan içerik analizine başvurulmuştur. Hakkari tarihi üzerine araştırmaları olan Îhsan Colemêrgî’nin tarihçi yönü söz konusu romanında da görülür. Olaylar bir romancıdan ziyade bir tarihçinin bakış açısıyla anlatılmıştır. Bundan hareketele yazarın, bir roman yazmak için tarihten faydalanırken eserde kendisini anakronizm örneklerinden de kurtaramamıştır.
Juchid Khan Beg Sufi and his coins Denisov, M.A.; Zayonchkovskiy, Yu.V.
Materialy po arheologii i istorii antičnogo i srednevekovogo Pričernomorʹâ,
03/2021
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Silver coins of Khan Beg Sufi (ruled in the Crimea in 822—824 AH) are studied by the method of the analysis of dies for minting coins. Graphic reconstructions of imprints of 20 obverse dies and 49 ...reverse dies were made. They worked in 93 die pairs. Schemes of die conneсtions were drawn up, the dating of coins that do not bear the date indication was proposed. A review of the main scientific publications on the topic was prepared, the metrology of the emissions was analyzed, the average weight of the dangs (0.84 g) was determined — silver content of these coins was explored. Aspеrs with the name Beg Sufi were minted by 13 die pairs; 7 obverse dies and 5 reverse dies were used in minting process. The average weight of aspеrs is 0.88 g. Copper anonymous Crimean puls, minted during the reign of Beg Sufi and dated 823 AH, were also analyzed. Catalogue of silver coins with the name of Beg Sufi khan is published: photographic images and graphic reconstructions of die pairs with which dangs and aspers of Beg Sufi were struck are reproduced, reconstructions and translations of coin legends are proposed.
Premise of research . The recognition of diverse and abundant chlamydospermous seeds from the Early Cretaceous of Denmark, Portugal, and eastern North America has been an unexpected outcome of ...studies of mesofloras that were initially focused on early angiosperms. These seeds provide structural information critical for understanding morphological and structural diversity in an important Mesozoic group of extinct gnetalean relatives.
Methodology . The fossil seeds were picked from Early Cretaceous mesofossil floras from localities in western Portugal and Virginia using a stereomicroscope. Selected seeds were studied in more detail for morphological and anatomical traits using SEM and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy.
Pivotal results . Six new species of chlamydospermous seeds are described that add substantially to the known diversity of Early Cretaceous chlamydosperms. In general seed organization, the fossils are similar to seeds of extant Gnetales, but none of the fossils can be assigned to any of the three living genera of Gnetales ( Ephedra , Gnetum , and Welwitschia ). All six species have similar closure of the micropylar canal but show considerable variation in the anatomy of the seed envelope. In micropylar closure, the fossils are most similar to extant Gnetum , but they differ in other respects from seeds of extant Gnetum , and one of the new seed taxa has polyplicate, ephedroid pollen in the micropyle. A well-preserved embryo with two cotyledons is preserved in seeds of Rothwellia foveata and provides the first information on the embryo in this Early Cretaceous chlamydospermous complex.
Conclusions . The chlamydospermous seeds described here show similarities to seeds of extant Gnetales. However, most of the fossils exhibit combinations of features that are unknown among extant species of Gnetales and clearly represent an extinct complex of plants that were important in Early Cretaceous vegetation, along with other extinct plant groups, including Bennettitales and Erdtmanithecales.
One of the most important and bloodiest events in the history of Kurdistan, which occurred after the division of this region between the Safavid and Ottoman governments, was Shah Abbas Safavid’s ...invasion of the historic castle of Dimdim and the resistance of its inhabitants under the leadership of Amir Khan Baradoost. After much resistance and defeating the Safavid army several times, the castle was conquered by the invading forces, and Amir Khan and his companions were killed. This historical event was first recorded in Tārīkh-e ʿĀlam-ārā-ye ʿAbbāsī written by Eskandar Beg Trukman, who personally participated in the siege and all the subsequent events. This event has also been reflected in the oral and official Kurdish literature, and it has been represented in a number of forms including verses, songs, epic poems, stories, and novels. Arab Shamilov is one of the prominent Kurdish scholars and writers who has dealt with this historical event in the form of historical novel. In the present study, using descriptive-analytical method and based on the American school of comparative literature, the historical event in Dimdim castle will be investigated in Dimdim, Arab Shamilov’s historical novel, and in Tārīkh-e ʿĀlam-ārā-ye ʿAbbāsī, the official narration of Eskandar Beg Trukman who served as the secretary in Shah Abbas Safavid’s court. The investigation of these two books shows that, in their narration of the event, the two authors’ perspectives are completely different. Eskandar Beg considers the resistance of Amir Khan and the inhabitants of the castle as betrayal and rebellion. However, Arab Shamilov rejects this viewpoint and considers this event as a legitimate defense and resistance against the invaders.
Correspondence as a source for the study of literary, cultural, and political circumstances and events in Bosnia has not received an appropriate place in the humanities and social sciences because ...the letters are treated exclusively in the field of privacy. However, letters are sometimes a first-class source for presenting an image of a particular period or event, especially if it is interesting to determine how a particular person or group understands events or processes in society and culture. Studying the letters would open a different perspective on some events since it is often about an "informal" form of communication. In the framework of Bosnian studies, the so-called "letters from the border/krajišnička pisma" (Muhamed Nezirović and Lejla Nakaš) have been the most comprehensively studied, with slightly fewer letters in oriental languages (Sabaheta Gačanin), while letters from the 20th century (Hamid Dizdar, Munir Šahinović, Alija Nametak, for example), unfortunately, did not receive proper valorization. In this paper, the correspondence of Alija Nametak between the two world wars will be presented. Considering the dispersed thematic content of the letters, they are grouped into several thematic units. Letters about Safvet-beg Bašagić, letters about political censorship of articles and literary and artistic works, and correspondence with Slavists throughout Europe especially stand out. The letters were linked to other texts (co-text) that were in the broadest sense related to the topics of the letters. We tried to present as much as possible the events to which the letters referred. We also pay attention to the need to renew the study of Bosnian archival and documentary material, especially in the study of the history of literature.
We study in detail the behaviour of a spin-1 model with competing interactions between next and next-nearest neighbours, biquadratic interactions between nearest neighbours, crystalline and external ...magnetic fields, on a Bethe lattice in the infinite coordination limit. We solve this model analytically and investigate its phase diagrams by numerically iterating the recursion relations on the Bethe lattice. The phase diagrams display more than one multiphase points and finite commensurate modulated phases both at finite and at zero temperature. The ground state of the system is also investigated. We observe rich phase diagrams with different ordered phases arranged in complex structures. Special attention is dedicated to the peculiar effects of biquadratic interactions and crystalline field, which in general distort and eventually suppress some of the commensurate ordered phases. The external field behaviour shows differences between 0 ordered phase and the paramagnetic phase for the first time in these models.
In the widest sense the paper deals with Fehim Bajraktarević’s work which is dedicated to Bosniak literary. His literary-critical studies about Safvet-beg Bašagić and mevlud have been specially ...treated. When it comes to Safvet-beg Bašagić, Bajraktarević tries to determine, by means of a comparative analysis (theory of influence/loan), the influence of German Romantics on Bašagić, especially on his cycle the poem Ašiklije from the poetry collection Trofanda iz hercegovačke dubrave and the poem Hafiz from the poetic collection Misli i čuvstva. On the other side, related to the study of mevlud special attention was given to the Bajraktarević – Nametak controversy regarding Gašević’s Mevlud, as well as other literary-critical issues concerning this genre. We have considered his critical reviews of some important publications, monographs and bibliographies related to Bosnia. These are the bibliographies of Osman A. Sokolović and Alija Nametak, Abdulah Škaljić’s dictionaries, as well as studies written by foreigners about alhamijado literature and the scientific achievements of Turkology in Bosnia. Finally, this paper also treats one Bajraktarević’s text on the contribution of Bosniak literates to the development of total literature on Oriental languages.
Some proponents of the evolutionary debunking argument against moral realism believe that replies that assume substantive moral claims beg the question. In this paper, I give a new account of what's ...wrong with such replies. On this account, many realists beg the question when they rely on substantive moral claims in their replies to the argument, but naturalists do not. While this account generalizes to some other domains, it allows perceptual and inductive realism to remain undebunked.
