The current study compares simultaneous vs. successive bilingualism through a mixed-method research design with four four-year-old Korean-English bilingual children who were born and raised in the ...USA. Two simultaneous bilinguals were exposed to Korean and English from birth, whereas two successive bilinguals were exposed to Korean from birth, but to English between 18 and 24 months. Three direct assessment tasks (i.e. narrative, vocabulary, and syntax tasks) were used to assess children's multiple language domains in both Korean and English. A caregiver report supplemented direct testing. Findings indicate the simultaneous bilinguals often performed better in English than in Korean, whereas the successive bilinguals often scored higher in Korean than in English, but with some exceptions. For instance, one simultaneous bilingual demonstrated high Korean grammar performance even superior to successive bilinguals. Results suggest that simultaneous bilinguals do not necessarily differ from successive bilinguals solely due to the timing of language exposure; this could be due to varied language experiences. Furthermore, children's varying performances on each task indicate that bilinguals' language subskills develop differently, sometimes referred to as bilingual profile effects. Findings have implications for defining simultaneous vs. successive bilingual acquisition, challenging views that age of exposure alone differentiates bilingual children significantly.
This special issue of Sartre Studies International represents a selection of the papers presented at a conference held on the 30th and 31st of January 2015 at the Maison Française d'Oxford. Called ...'Thinking with Sartre Today/Penser avec Sartre aujourd'hui', the bilingual conference with participants from across the world provided a forum for scholars studying Sartre in diverse intellectual milieux to dialogue fruitfully and forge new connections.
Objective: This paper addresses the impact of being bilingual on the process of learning a particular foreign language. In other words, it seeks to illuminate the positive aspects of bilinguals over ...monolinguals while learning foreign languages. Based on several studies in the field of language acquisition, it has been revealed that bilinguals tend to be more experienced and capable than monolinguals by virtue of their rich linguistic and cultural repertoire that they possess.
Methodology: A group of bilingual and monolingual students at the university were sampled to find out the effect of bilingualism on the process of learning foreign languages. Questionnaires along with some tests were the main instruments employed in the analysis so as to examine the primary discrepancies between bilinguals and monolinguals in the learning outcomes.
Findings: The findings highlight and account for the positive impact of being bilingual. Implications: Being exposed to an array of linguistic interactions within society does contribute in the development of a positive capacity, ability, willingness and aptitude in learning a new language.
Whether in family life, social interactions, or business negotiations, half the people in the world speak more than one language every day. Yet many myths persist about bilingualism and bilinguals. ...Does being bilingual mean you are equally fluent in two languages, or that you belong to two cultures, or even that you have multiple personalities? Can you become bilingual only as a child? Why do bilinguals switch from one language to another in mid-sentence? Will raising bilingual children confuse and delay their learning of any language? In a lively and often entertaining book, an international authority on bilingualism, son of an English mother and a French father, explores the many facets of bilingualism. In this book, Franois Grosjean draws on research, interviews, autobiographies, and the engaging examples of bilingual authors. He describes the various strategies-some useful, some not-used by parents raising bilingual children, explains how children easily pick up and forget languages, and considers how bilingualism affects the experience and expression of emotions, thoughts, and dreams. This book shows that speaking two or more languages is not a sign of intelligence, evasiveness, cultural alienation, or political disloyalty. For millions of people, it's simply a way of navigating the complexities of life.
Abstract
This article seeks to develop Translanguaging as a theory of language and discuss the theoretical motivations behind and the added values of the concept. I contextualize Translanguaging in ...the linguistic realities of the 21st century, especially the fluid and dynamic practices that transcend the boundaries between named languages, language varieties, and language and other semiotic systems. I highlight the contributions Translanguaging as a theoretical concept can make to the debates over the Language and Thought and the Modularity of Mind hypotheses. One particular aspect of multilingual language users’ social interaction that I want to emphasize is its multimodal and multisensory nature. I elaborate on two related concepts: Translanguaging Space and Translanguaging Instinct, to underscore the necessity to bridge the artificial and ideological divides between the so-called sociocultural and the cognitive approaches to Translanguaging practices. In doing so, I respond to some of the criticisms and confusions about the notion of Translanguaging.
Après des travaux montrant un déficit d’inhibition des détails et un traitement peu spontané de la structure globale chez des enfants dyslexiques de surface (DS) monolingues français, ce déséquilibre ...des analyses visuo-attentionnelles globale/locale est étudié chez 15 enfants dyslexiques bilingues français-arabe (7 DS, 8 dyslexiques phonologiques (DP)) et des contrôles. Des lettres arabes hiérarchisées complètent les lettres latines et les dessins hiérarchisés du test initial. Les résultats confirment chez les enfants bilingues DS les deux anomalies étudiées, particulièrement avec les dessins et les lettres arabes hiérarchisées. Chez les enfants DS, ce déséquilibre global/local est corrélé au déficit en lecture des mots irréguliers, caractéristique de la DS, et à l’efficacité en lecture de mots réguliers. Chez les enfants DP, l’inhibition des détails, moins déficitaire, est néanmoins corrélée aux difficultés avec les mots irréguliers, révélant un déficit cognitif sous-jacent à prendre en considération pour la dyslexie. Un fait nouveau apparaît : une dominance intense de l’analyse globale chez les enfants DP bilingues, corrélée à leurs difficultés avec tout type de mot. Cette particularité visuo-attentionnelle pourrait entraver l’identification des lettres, entrainant des confusions pour les mots irréguliers et affectant le choix des règles graphème-phonème pour lire et écrire les mots réguliers.
Global/local visual processing imbalances in bilingual Arabic/French dyslexic children learning two scripts in Lebanon.
In the continuation work showing a deficit in inhibition of details and an insufficient spontaneous processing of global information in monolingual French children with surface dyslexia (SD), this imbalance between global and local visual-attentional analyzes is studied in 15 bilingual French-Arabic dyslexic children (7 SD and 8 phonological dyslexics (PD)) and controls. Hierarchical Arabic letters complemented the hierarchical Latin letters and hierarchical drawings of the initial test. The results confirm in the DS bilingual children the two discrepancies studied, particularly with the hierarchical drawings and the hierarchical Arabic letters. In SD children, this global/local imbalance correlates with the deficit in reading irregular words, which is characteristic of SD, and with the efficiency in reading regular words. In PD children, inhibition of details, which is less deficient, is nevertheless correlated with difficulties with irregular words, suggesting an underlying cognitive deficit to be considered for dyslexia. A new fact appeared: an intense dominance of global analysis in bilingual PD children, which is correlated to their difficulties with any type of word. This visual-attentional peculiarity could hinder letter identification, leading to confusion for irregular words and affecting the choice of grapheme-phoneme rules for reading and writing regular words.
Language and Power Watzke, John L; Miller, Paul Chamness; Mantero, Miguel
2022, 2022-01-01
eBook
The International Society for Language Studies (ISLS) introduces its second volume in the series Readings in Language Studies with Language and Power, a text that represents international ...perspectives on power and bilingualism, identity in professions, media, the learner, and pedagogy. Founded in 2002, ISLS is a world-wide organization of volunteers, scholars and practitioners committed to critical, interdisciplinary, and emergent approaches to language studies.
We report two experiments exploring more in detail the bilingual advantage in conflict resolution tasks. In particular, we focus on the origin of the bilingual advantage on overall reaction times in ...the flanker task. Bilingual and monolingual participants were asked to perform a flanker task under different task versions. In Experiment 1, we used two low-monitoring versions where most of the trials were of just one type (either congruent or incongruent). In Experiment 2, we used two high-monitoring versions where congruent and incongruent trials were more evenly distributed. An effect of bilingualism in overall reaction times was only present in the high-monitoring condition. These results reveal that when the task at hand recruits a good deal of monitoring resources, bilinguals outperform monolinguals. This observation suggests that bilingualism may affect the monitoring processes involved in executive control.
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