A significantly growing interest is to design new biodegradable polymers in order to solve fossil resources and environmental pollution problems associated with conventional plastics. A kind of new ...biodegradable polymers, aliphatic–aromatic co-polyesters have been researched widely and developed rapidly in recent years, since that can combine excellent biodegradability provided from aliphatic polyesters and good properties from aromatic polyesters. Out of which, poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) shows the most importance. PBAT has been commercialized by polycondensation reaction of butanediol (BDO), adipic acid (AA) and terephthalic acid (PTA) using general polyester manufacturing technology. And it has been considered to have desirable properties and competitive costs to be applied in many fields. Therefore, this review aims to present an overview on the synthesis, properties and applications of PBAT.
Machine learning (ML) is viewed as a promising tool for the prediction of aerobic biodegradation, one of the most important elimination pathways of organic chemicals from the environment. However, ...available models only have small datasets (<3200 records), make binary classification predictions, evaluate ready biodegradability, and do not incorporate experimental conditions (e.g., system setup and reaction time). This study addressed all these limitations by first compiling a large database of 12,750 records, considering both ready and inherent biodegradation under different conditions, and then developing regression and classification models using different chemical representations and ML algorithms. The best regression model (R 2 = 0.54 and root mean square error of 0.25) and classification model (the prediction accuracy from 85.1%) achieved very good performance. The model interpretation indicated that the models correctly captured the effects of chemical substructures, following the order of CO > OC–O > OH > CH3 > halogen > branching > N > 6-member ring. The consideration of chemical speciation based on pK a and α notations did not affect the regression model performance but significantly improved the classification model performance (the accuracy increased to 87.6%). The models also showed large applicability domains and provided reasonable predictions for more than 98% of over 850,000 environmentally relevant chemicals in the Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity database. These robust, trustable models were finally made widely accessible through two free online predictors with graphical user interface.
The textile industry produces high volumes of colored effluents that require multiple treatments to remove non-adsorbed dyes, which could be recalcitrant due to their complex chemical structure. Most ...of the studies have dealt with the biodegradation of mono or diazo dyes but rarely with poly-azo dyes. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the biodegradation of a four azo-bond dye (Sirius grey) and to optimize its decolorization conditions. Laccase-containing cell-free supernatant from the culture of a newly isolated fungal strain, Coriolopsis gallica strain BS9 was used in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazol (HBT) to optimize the dye decolorization conditions. A Box–Benken design with four factors, namely pH, enzyme concentration, HBT concentration, and dye concentration, was performed to determine optimal conditions for the decolorization of Sirius grey. The optimal conditions were pH 5, 1 U/mL of laccase, 1 mM of HBT, and 50 mg/L of initial dye concentration, ensuring a decolorization yield and rate of 87.56% and 2.95%/min, respectively. The decolorized dye solution showed a decrease in its phytotoxicity (Germination index GI = 80%) compared to the non-treated solution (GI = 29%). This study suggests that the laccase-mediator system could be a promising alternative for dye removal from textile wastewater.
Microplastic (MP) has been identified as an emerging vector that transports hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) across aquatic environments due to its hydrophobic surfaces and small size. However, ...it is also recognized that environmental factors affect MP’s chemical vector effects and that attached biofilms could play a major role, although the specific mechanisms remain unclear. To explore this issue, an in situ experiment was conducted at Xiangshan Bay of southeastern China, and dynamics of HOCs (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) and bacterial communities related to the model MP (i.e., PE fibers) were analyzed and compared. Through bacterial characterizations including the 16S rRNA approach, higher summer temperatures (31.4 ± 1.07 °C) were found to promote colonizing bacterial assemblages with larger biomasses, higher activity and more degrading bacteria than winter temperatures (13.3 ± 2.49 °C). Consequently, some sorbed pollutants underwent significant decline in the summer, and this decline was particularly the case for PAHs with low (2–3 rings) and median (4 rings) molecular weights such as phenanthrene (59.4 ± 1.6%), chrysene (70.6 ± 4.2%), fluoranthene (77.1 ± 13.3%) and benzaanthracene (71.5 ± 11.0%). In our winter test, however, most pollutants underwent a consistent increase throughout the 8-week exposure period. Moreover, more biorefractory pollutants including PCBs and high molecular weight (5–6 rings) PAHs accumulated regardless of bacterial characteristics. Two putative PAH-degrading bacteria appeared with high relative abundances during the summer test, i.e., family Rhodobacteraceae (18.6 ± 0.5%) and genus Sphingomicrobium (22.4 ± 3.6%), associated with drastic decreases in low (45.2 ± 0.4%) and median (66.0 ± 2.5%) molecular weight PAHs, respectively. Bacterial degradation effects of biofilms on PAHs are also supported by the correlative dynamics of salicylic acid, an important degradation intermediate of PAHs. The results of this study indicate that MP’s HOC vector effects are essentially determined by interactions between attached pollutants and microbial assemblages, which are further related to bacterial activity and pollutant features. Further studies of biofilm effects on MP toxicity and on the metabolic pathways of MP-attached HOCs are required.
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•Sorbed hydrophobic organic compounds can be degraded by attached bacteria.•Putative PAH-degrading bacteria appear with high relative abundances.•Temperature is a key factor in affecting biofilm’s biodegrading performance.•Biorefractory pollutants accumulate regardless of bacterial characteristics.
A novel bacterial strain designated as Rhodococcus pyridinivorans XB, capable of utilizing various endocrine disruptor phthalates or phthalic acid (PA) as sole source of carbon and energy, was ...isolated from activated sludge. Under the optimal culture conditions (pH 7.08, 30.4 °C, inoculum size (OD600 nm) of 0.6) obtained by response surface methodology, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, 200 mg/L) could be degraded by strain XB with a removal rate of 98% within 48 h. Under the observation of an atomic force microscope, it was confirmed that DEHP did not inhibit the growth of strain XB which might produce some extracellular polymeric substances as a response to DEHP stress, resulting in rapid degradation of DEHP. At initial concentrations of 50–800 mg/L DEHP, its degradation curves were well fitted with the first-order kinetic model, and the half-life of DEHP degradation varied from 5.44 to 23.5 h. The degradation intermediates of DEHP were identified by both GC–MS and high performance liquid chromatography–time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC–TOF-MS). Significant up-regulation was observed for the relative expression levels of genes (i.e., phthalate hydrolase, PA 3,4-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-α and 3,4-β dioxygenase) involved in DEHP degradation determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A DEHP biodegradation pathway by strain XB was proposed based on the identified intermediates and the degrading genes. Bioaugmentation of DEHP-contaminated soils with strain XB could efficiently promote DEHP removal, offering great potential in bioremediation of DEHP-contaminated environment.
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•A novel Rhodococcus pyridinivorans XB capable of degrading DEHP was isolated.•Observation by atomic force microscope confirmed well growth of strain XB under DEHP stress.•DEHP metabolites with dioxygenase genes revealed its complete degradation pathway.•Bioaugmentation of this strain can enhance DEHP removal from contaminated soils.
Plastic polymers with different properties have been developed in the last 150 years to replace materials such as wood, glass and metals across various applications. Nevertheless, the distinct ...properties which make plastic desirable for our daily use also threaten our planet's sustainability. Plastics are resilient, non-reactive and most importantly, non-biodegradable. Hence, there has been an exponential increase in plastic waste generation, which has since been recognised as a global environmental threat. Plastic wastes have adversely affected life on earth, primarily through their undesirable accumulation in landfills, leaching into the soil, increased greenhouse gas emission, etc. Even more damaging is their impact on the aquatic ecosystems as they cause entanglement, ingestion and intestinal blockage in aquatic animals. Furthermore, plastics, especially in the microplastic form, have also been found to interfere with chemical interaction between marine organisms, to cause intrinsic toxicity by leaching, and by absorbing persistent organic contaminants as well as pathogens. The current methods for eliminating these wastes (incineration, landfilling, and recycling) come at massive costs, are unsustainable, and put more burden on our environment. Thus, recent focus has been placed more on the potential of biological systems to degrade synthetic plastics. In this regard, some insects, bacteria and fungi have been shown to ingest these polymers and convert them into environmentally friendly carbon compounds. Hence, in the light of recent literature, this review emphasises the multifaceted roles played by microorganisms in this process. The current understanding of the roles played by actinomycetes, algae, bacteria, fungi and their enzymes in enhancing the degradation of synthetic plastics are reviewed, with special focus on their modes of action and probable enzymatic mechanisms. Besides, key areas for further exploration, such as the manipulation of microorganisms through molecular cloning, modification of enzymatic characteristics and metabolic pathway design, are also highlighted.
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•Role of actinomycetes, algae, bacteria and fungi in plastic biodegradation assessed.•Biodegradation involves biodeterioration, fragmentation, assimilation and mineralisation.•PE, PU, PET, PS and nylon enzymes are major groups involved in plastic biodegradation.•Microbial depolymerases, hydrolases, and peroxidases are the key enzymes in biodegradation.•Polymer attributes, environmental conditions and chemicals are critical contributing factors.
Poly: structure, property, and fiber Liu, Qingsheng; Zhang, Hongxia; Deng, Bingyao ...
International Journal of Polymer Science,
01/2014
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) P(3HB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) P(3HB-co-3HV) are produced by various microorganisms as an intracellular carbon and energy reserve from agricultural ...feedstocks such as sugars and plant oils under unbalanced growth conditions. P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) have attracted the attention of academia and industry because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, thermoplasticity, and plastic-like properties. This review first introduced the isodimorphism, spherulites, and molecular interaction of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV). In addition, the effects of 3HV content on the melting temperature and crystallization rate were discussed. Then the drawbacks of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) including brittleness, narrow melt processing window, low crystallization rate, slow biodegradation rate in body, and so on were summarized. At last, the preparation, structure, and properties of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) fiber were introduced.
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•Superworms can eat and live well with Styrofoam as sole diet.•Depolymerization of ingested Styrofoam occurred within the superworms’ guts.•Up to 36.7% of ingested Styrofoam was ...mineralized into CO2.•Gut microbiota plays a key role in the biodegradation of PS within the guts.
Polystyrene (PS) is one of the major plastic debris accumulated in environment. Previously, we reported that mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) was capable of degrading and mineralizing Styrofoam (PS foam). This finding arouses our curiosity to explore whether more other insect species have the same capability as mealworms. Here, an insect larva, superworm (Zophobas atratus), was newly proven to be capable of eating, degrading and mineralizing PS. Superworms could live with Styrofoam as sole diet as well as those fed with a normal diet (bran) over a 28-day period. The average consumption rate of Styrofoam for each superworm was estimated at 0.58 mg/d that was 4 times more than that of mealworm. Analyses of frass, using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-state 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric interfaced with Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy, demonstrated that the depolymerization of long-chain PS molecules and the formation of low molecular-weight products occurred in the larval gut. A respirometry test showed that up to 36.7% of the ingested Styrofoam carbon was converted into CO2 during a 16-day test period. The PS-degrading capability of superworm was inhibited by the antibiotic suppression of gut microbiota, indicating that gut microbiota contributed to PS degradation. This new finding extends the PS-degrading insects beyond the species within the Tenebrio genus and indicates that the gut microbiota of superworm would be a novel bioresource for pursuit of plastic-degrading enzymes.
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•Persistent organic pollutants beget adverse effects on environment and ecosystem.•Conventional organic wastewater treatment is highly complex and expensive.•Microalgae-bacteria ...synergy shows several advantages to the economy and environment.•Microalgae-bacteria consortia is a latent wastewater treatment to remove POPs.•Mechanisms involved mainly via biosorption, bioaccumulation and biodegradation.
The litter of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the water streams and soil bodies via industrial effluents led to several adverse effects on the environment, health, and ecosystem. For the past decades, scientists have been paying efforts in the innovation and development of POPs removal from wastewater treatment. However, the conventional methods used for the removal of POPs from wastewater are costly and could lead to secondary pollution including soil and water bodies pollution. In recent, the utilization of green mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation and biodegradation has drawn attention and prelude the potential of green technology globally. Microalgae-bacteria consortia have emerged to be one of the latent wastewater treatment systems. The synergistic interactions between microalgae and bacteria could proficiently enhance the existing biological wastewater treatment system. This paper will critically review the comparison of conventional and recent advanced wastewater treatment systems and the mechanisms of the microalgae-bacteria symbiosis system.
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