A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers Saidur, R.; Abdelaziz, E.A.; Demirbas, A. ...
Renewable & sustainable energy reviews,
06/2011, Letnik:
15, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas represent the prime energy sources in the world. However, it is anticipated that these sources of energy will deplete within the next 40–50
...years. Moreover, the expected environmental damages such as the global warming, acid rain and urban smog due to the production of emissions from these sources have tempted the world to try to reduce carbon emissions by 80% and shift towards utilizing a variety of renewable energy resources (RES) which are less environmentally harmful such as solar, wind, biomass etc. in a sustainable way. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy with very specific properties. In this review, several aspects which are associated with burning biomass in boilers have been investigated such as composition of biomass, estimating the higher heating value of biomass, comparison between biomass and other fuels, combustion of biomass, co-firing of biomass and coal, impacts of biomass, economic and social analysis of biomass, transportation of biomass, densification of biomass, problems of biomass and future of biomass. It has been found that utilizing biomass in boilers offers many economical, social and environmental benefits such as financial net saving, conservation of fossil fuel resources, job opportunities creation and CO
2 and NO
x
emissions reduction. However, care should be taken to other environmental impacts of biomass such as land and water resources, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and deforestation. Fouling, marketing, low heating value, storage and collections and handling are all associated problems when burning biomass in boilers. The future of biomass in boilers depends upon the development of the markets for fossil fuels and on policy decisions regarding the biomass market.
Feedstock cost and cost variability is expected to increase with the number of biorefineries. To quantify this effect, this spatial-economic analysis simulates feedstock cost and cost variability of ...an industry based on corn stover as a function of the number of biorefineries. Results are reported for nine scenarios (a base case and sensitivity analysis of four variables – harvest efficiency, sustainability constraints, opportunity cost, and corn grain yield) under deterministic and stochastic simulations, assuming biorefineries using 658 000 Mg (725 000 tons) year-1 of corn stover in 2019. The resulting supply curves are highly elastic (i.e. little change in cost) for the first 50 of the 121 biorefineries, with price increases in subsequent biorefineries depending on scenario. In the base-case deterministic scenario, weighted-average stover costs are $66 Mg-1 ($60 ton-1), $69 Mg-1 ($62 ton-1), and $156 Mg-1 ($142 ton-1), at the first, 60th, and 121st biorefineries, respectively. The stochastic simulations, subject to observed 30-year corn yield variability, follow a similar pattern, with price distributions that vary by scenario. The base-case stochastic simulations illustrate minimal cost variability for the first 60 biorefineries, but rapid increases in cost variability in the second half of potential biorefineries, with similar patterns observed in the other scenarios. Of the four variables explored, price was most sensitive to harvest efficiency, followed by sustainability constraints, corn yield, and opportunity cost. Results suggest that, under conventional logistics, about half of the US corn stover resource is reliably available with minimum cost increase and variability. Interactive visualization is available at https://doi.org/10.11578/1828779.
The present paper reviews recent advances on the direct synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from different kinds of raw biomasses. In particular, in the paper HMF production from: (i) edible ...biomasses; (ii) non-edible lignocellulosic biomasses; (iii) food wastes (FW) have been reviewed. The different processes and catalytic systems have been reviewed and their merits, demerits and requirements for commercialisation outlined.
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•Lignocellulosic and macroalgae biomasses have been targeted for biochar production.•Co-pyrolysis improves the performance of biomass pyrolysis and biochar properties.•Biochar ...properties are influenced by biomass type & pyrolysis operating conditions.•Co-pyrolysis aids development of multiple biochar properties for various uses.•Morphological & surface compositional changes in biochar require characterization.
Biochar properties are significantly influenced and controlled by biomass feedstock type and pyrolysis operating conditions, and the development of multiple biochar properties for various applications has necessitated the need for blending different feedstocks together. Co-pyrolysis as a potential technology has been proposed to improve the overall performance of biomass pyrolysis and has proved effective in improving biochar properties. Consequently, the combination of lignocellulosic and macroalgae biomasses has been targeted for biochar production and improvement of biochar properties through co-pyrolysis. This paper therefore presents a critical review of biochar production from co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic and macroalgae biomass (CLMB). It discusses the biomass feedstock selection, characterization, pre-processing and suitability for thermal processing; and analyzes biochar production, characterization and reactor technologies for CLMB. Furthermore, the potential and economic viability of biochar production system from CLMB are highlighted; and finally, the current state and future directions of biochar production from CLMB are extensively discussed.
In the gasification of an aquatic biomass with He/CO sub(2)/O sub(2), the effects of the concentration of CO sub(2) and O sub(2) in the gasifying agent and the feeding rate on the gasification ...behavior were investigated using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier at 900 degree C. Using CO sub(2)/O sub(2) as the gasifying agent led to an increase in the conversion to gas and the syngas (CO + H sub(2)) content because the gasification of char with CO sub(2) (C + CO sub(2) arrow right 2CO) and the decomposition of tarry compounds were promoted. Increasing CO sub(2) content led to the increase in the conversion to gas and CO content and the decrease in the H sub(2) content. With increasing O2 content, contents of CO and H sub(2) increased while the conversions to gas remained almost constant. Especially with CO sub(2)/O sub(2) = 45/55 vol.%, the conversion to gas was 94.0 C-mol% and the syngas content exhibited a maximum value of 69.7 vol.%. As the feeding rate was decreased, contents of CO and H sub(2) decreased while the conversion to gas remained almost constant. The nitrogen atoms in the feedstock were mainly converted to form N sub(2). H sub(2)S and COS were the main sulfurous gases. The sulfur content in the char was much higher than that in the feedstock.
To investigate large-scale patterns of above-ground and below-ground biomass partitioning in grassland ecosystems and to test the isometric theory at the community level. Northern China, in diverse ...grassland types spanning temperate grasslands in arid and semi-arid regions to alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. We investigated above-ground and below-ground biomass in China's grasslands by conducting five consecutive sampling campaigns across the northern part of the country during 2001-05. We then documented the root : shoot ratio (R/S) and its relationship with climatic factors for China's grasslands. We further explored relationships between above-ground and below-ground biomass across different grassland types. Our results indicated that the overall R/S of China's grasslands was larger than the global average (6.3 vs. 3.7). The R/S for China's grasslands did not show any significant trend with either mean annual temperature or mean annual precipitation. Above-ground biomass was nearly proportional to below-ground biomass with a scaling exponent (the slope of log-log linear relationship between above-ground and below-ground biomass) of 1.02 across various grassland types. The slope did not differ significantly between temperate and alpine grasslands or between steppe and meadow. Our findings support the isometric theory of above-ground and below-ground biomass partitioning, and suggest that above-ground biomass scales isometrically with below-ground biomass at the community level.
Estimates of the magnitude and distribution of aboveground carbon in Earth's forests remain uncertain, yet knowledge of forest carbon content at a global scale is critical for forest management in ...support of climate mitigation. In light of this knowledge gap, several upcoming spaceborne missions aim to map forest aboveground biomass, and many new biomass products are expected from these datasets. As these new missions host different technologies, each with relative strengths and weaknesses for biomass retrieval, as well as different spatial resolutions, consistently comparing or combining biomass estimates from these new datasets will be challenging. This paper presents a demonstration of an inter-comparison of biomass estimates from simulations of three NASA missions (GEDI, ICESat-2 and NISAR) over Sonoma county in California, USA. We use a high resolution, locally calibrated airborne lidar map as our reference dataset, and emphasize the importance of considering uncertainties in both reference maps and spaceborne estimates when conducting biomass product validation. GEDI and ICESat-2 were simulated from airborne lidar point clouds, while UAVSAR's L-band backscatter was used as a proxy for NISAR. To estimate biomass for the lidar missions we used GEDI's footprint-level biomass algorithms, and also adapted these for application to ICESat-2. For UAVSAR, we developed a locally trained biomass model, calibrated against the ALS reference map. Each mission simulation was evaluated in comparison to the local reference map at its native product resolution (25 m, 100 m transect, and 1 ha) yielding RMSEs of 57%, 75%, and 89% for GEDI, NISAR, and ICESat-2 respectively. RMSE values increased for GEDI's power beam during simulated daytime conditions (64%), coverage beam during nighttime conditions (72%), and coverage beam daytime conditions (87%). We also test the application of GEDI's biomass modeling framework for estimation of biomass from ICESat-2, and find that ICESat-2 yields reasonable biomass estimates, particularly in relatively short, open canopies. Results suggest that while all three missions will produce datasets useful for biomass mapping, tall, dense canopies such as those found in Sonoma County present the greatest challenges for all three missions, while steep slopes also prove challenging for single-date SAR-based biomass retrievals. Our methods provide guidance for the inter-comparison and validation of spaceborne biomass estimates through the use of airborne lidar reference maps, and could be repeated with on-orbit estimates in any area with high quality field plot and ALS data. These methods allow for regional interpretations and filtering of multi-mission biomass estimates toward improved wall-to-wall biomass maps through data fusion.
•GEDI, ICESat-2 and NISAR will collect useful data for estimating forest biomass.•All three missions have increased errors with canopy cover and slope.•Airborne Lidar biomass maps allow consistent multi-mission accuracy assessment.•These missions will produce naturally synergistic datasets.•GEDI models can be applied to ICESat-2 data.
•Torrefied biomass was found to have much lower chlorine content than raw biomass.•Torrefaction was found to preferentially reduce the chlorine content of low alkali biomass.•Most of the biomass ...chlorine was released as HCl during torrefaction.•HCl emissions from burning torrefied biomass were significantly lower than those from raw biomass.•HCl emissions from burning low-alkali torrefied biomass were drastically lower than those from raw biomass.
Elevated emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) from combustion of biomass in utility boilers is a major issue as it can cause corrosion and, in combination with the high alkali content often encountered in these fuels, it can also deposit molten alkali chloride salts on the boiler’s water tubes. Such deposition can impede heat transfer and cause further corrosion. This work torrefied and then burned herbaceous biomass (corn straw) as well as crop-derived biomass (olive residue and corn-based Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles, DDGS), all pulverized in the size range of 75–150µm. It monitored the HCl emissions from torrefaction of biomass and, subsequently, the comparative HCl emissions from combustion of both raw and torrefied biomass. Results showed that during torrefaction most of the chlorine of biomass was released in the gas phase, predominately as HCl. Consequentially, combustion of torrefied biomass, which contained less chlorine than raw biomass, generated significantly lower HCl emissions than raw biomass, particularly so for biomass of low alkali content. This observation complements previous findings in this laboratory that torrefied biomass also generated lower SO2 emissions than raw biomass, albeit by a smaller factor. Both of these findings enhance the appeal of torrefied biomass as a substitute fuel in utility boilers.
•We examine bioethanol production potential of Malaysia’s most agricultural wastes.•Malaysia’s oil palm biomass potentially yields bioethanol more than 9 million tonnes.•Malaysia’s paddy biomass ...provides potential of averagely 600kt bioethanol annually.•Pineapple biomass potentially yields 40kt bioethanol, banana biomass 115kt yearly.•Durian seed potentially yields bioethanol 13 million litres, and 35kt from durian rind.
Rising global temperature, worsening air quality and drastic declining of fossil fuel reserve are the inevitable phenomena from the disorganized energy management. Bioethanol is believed to clear out the effects as being an energy-derivable product sourced from renewable organic sources. Second generation bioethanol interests many researches from its unique source of inedible biomass, and this paper presents the potential of several selected biomasses from Malaysia case. As one of countries with rich biodiversity, Malaysia holds enormous potential in second generation bioethanol production from its various agricultural and forestry biomasses, which are the source of lignocellulosic and starch compounds. This paper reviews potentials of biomasses and potential ethanol yield from oil palm, paddy (rice), pineapple, banana and durian, as the common agricultural waste in the country but uncommon to be served as bioethanol feedstock, by calculating the theoretical conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and starch components of the biomasses into bioethanol. Moreover, the potential of the biomasses as feedstock are discussed based on several reported works.
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