The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze the Beijing dialect from the perspective of the lexicon. It sought to determine the lexical differences between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua.
...In the first part, it introduces the connection between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua and describes in details their individual developments in different historical stages. These imprints of the evolution of language in history have made distinctions between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua.
The second part of this paper analyzes the lexical features of the Beijing dialect based on four aspects: the characteristic of word-formation, variant pronunciations of mono-syllabic words, usage of Measure words, and loanword from the Mongolian and Manchu language. First, in the basic Chinese vocabulary, there are about 47.11% of words that are different between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. The differences between these words are mainly due to differences in partial morphemes, differences in the number of syllables, and the presence or absence of retroflex ending. Second, for the pronunciation of mono-syllabic words, the differences mainly occurs in tone sandhi, changes in finals or initials and dissimilation of the phoneme. Third, the characteristics of Measure words in the Beijing dialect use nouns indicating body parts. Fourth, most loanwords from the Mongolian or Manchu language are written in the way of phonetic loan characters. Some of the phonetic loan characters are associated with the meaning of the borrowing words, but some are not.
The third part of this paper expounds on the direction of development of the Beijing dialect and Mandarin from the aspects of urban population structure; the people's attitudes toward language and the language environment in the Beijing dialect and Putonghua; and government policy intervention. In general, the vocabulary of the Beijing dialect is gradually losing its characteristics and becoming more and more like Putonghua.
한국의 국어순화운동과 일본어계 차용어 이광제; Kwang Je Lee
한림일본학,
12/2011, Letnik:
19
Journal Article
본고에서는, 광복 이후의 국어순화정책을 개관하고, 일본어계 어휘가 어떻게 유입되었는가에 대해서, 시기구분과 그 유입형태를 살펴보았다. 1945년부터 현재에 이르기까지 국어순화는 외래요소를 부분적으로 수용해야 한다는 소수의 의견도 있었으나, 일본어계 어휘에 관해서는 전면적으로 배제해야 한다는 주장이 절대적으로 우세한 형태로 추진되어왔다. 현재까지의 ...국어순화의 성과를 비판적으로 검토하고, 금후의 방향에 관해서도 모색해야 할 것이다. 따라서, 현대 한국어 어휘에서 일본어계 어휘의 실태를 있는 그대로 파악하는 것이, 현대 한국어 어휘체계를 이해하는 데에 있어서도 또한, 진정한 ``국어순화``를 위해서도 필요한 작업이라고 생각한다. 필자는 국어순화운동에 대해서 반대하는 입장은 아니지만, 어느 특정시기의, 어느 특정국가로부터 유입된 단어를 대상으로 하여 ``순화``되어야 할 것으로 보는 데에는 수긍할 수 없다. 언어내셔널리즘의 관점에서 일본어계 어휘를 다루는 것은 문제의 본질을 제대로 파악할 수 없게 만드는 위험성이 있기 때문이다. 그리고, 본고는 일반적인 통념상 1945년 이후 이루어진 국어순화운동으로 인하여 일본어계 어휘의 유입이 줄었다고 생각되는 점에 대하여, 정대균의 주장과 같이, 오히려 광복 이후에도 유입이 계속되어 현재에 이른 것이 아닌가라는 가설을 세우고 실증적으로 그것을 확인해 나가기 위한 예비작업의 단계이다.
According to the original article, the refinement campaign of Korean language was initiated in 1945. In the same year, the way that Japanese vocabulary settled in Korean language was studied in periodic segments. From 1945 to present, it was proven that the assertion which is for complete exclusion of Japanese vocabulary in the refinement of Korean language is overwhelmingly dominant, despite the assertion from minority that partial acceptance of foreign elements ought to be embraced in the refinement campaign of Korean language. The critical analysis of refinement of Korean language until today, and search for direction henceforth are required. Thus, for understanding the system of modern Korean vocabulary and the correct refinement of Korean language, comprehending the actual condition of Japanese vocabulary in Korean vocabulary is assumed to be required. The author is not in a position against the refinement campaign of Korean language, but in a position opposing to the assertion that refinement towards the vocabulary from a specific nation in a specific period. In the perspective of Language Nationalism, dealing with Japanese vocabulary creates the risk of misunderstanding the fundamental nature of the problem suggested. The original article suggests that after the refinement campaign of Korean language, accomplished i! n 1945, the frequency of import from Japanese vocabulary had decreased. About this matter, Jeong Daekyun(Tei Taikin) suggested that import has continued as of Liberation and being lasted until today. We are in the preparing process of establishing the theory of Jeong Daekyun(Tei Taikin), and finding actual evidence of it.
The relevance of scientific work is determined by the need to research the vocabulary of dialects that keep the original worldview of the nation, relics of spiritual culture, understanding of ethical ...norms of the people, relations with other peoples nations. The purpose of scientific research is to find out the peculiarities of the lexical system of Bukovina dialects. The novelty of article is that, for the first time, the linguistic material of the Yuzhynets dialect of Kitsman district of Chernivtsi region is attracted for scientific circulation. In scientific work the structural, comparative-historical methods and the approach of component analysis are used Conclusions. Dialecticisms are the basis of Yuzhynets dialect vocabulary. Dialecticisms are specific Ukrainian words which testify the single linguistic world of the Ukrainian nation. The source of dialecticisms is the Slavic language: вирЕня, вирІтка відЕй, витАти гальманИ, гАчі, глошИти, грЄтка, ґУндзлик дрАби. Among the borrowed vocabulary there are words which came from Romanian: бриндУшка букАта бумбОна, врИтний, гор- дЯв, ґрЕжда, дзер, клАка; Polish: бештифрАнт, вАріят, гаму- вАти, ґвавт, цИрка, збан, зґАрда; German: алЯрм бАвна, бан- тИна, братрУра, фасувАти, гИмбель, ґріс; Hungarian: банувА- ти, батЯр, бУнда, ганч, рУнтати, пУгарь; Turkish: бАйда, кАлфа, катрАн, кирИня, талабувАти, фис; Greek: анкІрь, кАн- діти, катавАсія; Latin: кАпа, бесАги, пОрція, Russian: болвАн, капЕц, тужУрка; Czech: крижЄвка. New words are included to the lexical system of Yuzhynets dialect. Among lexical innovations there are jargonisms – the wor- ds which are used by young generation.
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