The sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC Na) is a suitable water-soluble derivative for the preparation of quaternized and crosslinked films. In this study, we prepared quaternized and ...crosslinked CMC Na (QCCMC) films, along with only quaternized (QCMC) and only crosslinked CMC Na (CCMC) derivatives, using one-step synthesis. The derivatives were characterized by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Size-exclusion chromatographic multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALS) revealed the solubilities of the studied derivatives: CMC Na (98.0%) > CCMC (81.2%) > QCMC (78.2%) > QCCMC (77.4%), while the gyration radii (R
g
) of the polysaccharide coils were: CMC Na (20–78 nm) ≥ QCCMC (20–65 nm) ≥ QCMC (25–45 nm) ≥ CCMC (24–40 nm). Cyclic voltammetry distinguished all four types of derivatives with constant Δ
E
,
I
a
and
I
c
parameters. X-ray diffraction confirmed that all of the prepared films were in an amorphous state. PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (PF-QNM) was used to study the film surface morphology and film surface mechanical properties of all of the prepared carboxymethylcellulose derivatives. The following decreasing orders were found for root mean square surface films roughness: CCMC (6.5 nm) > CMC Na (6.4 nm) > QCMC (4.1 nm) > QCCMC (2.0 nm); films reduced elastic modulus: CCMC (9.3 GPa) > QCCMC (8.0 GPa) > CMC Na (7.0 GPa) > QCMC (2.1 GPa); films stiffness: CCMC (66.8 N/m) > CMC Na (55.4 N/m) > QCCMC (53.9 N/m) > QCMC (20.5 N/m) and films adhesion: CCMC (25.7 nN) > CMC Na (21.4 nN) > QCMC (17.1 nN) > QCCMC (11.5 nN).
There exist tremendous needs for sustainable storage solutions for intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy. Thus, systems based on Earth‐abundant elements deserve much ...attention. Potassium‐ion batteries represent a promising candidate because of the abundance of potassium resources. As for the choices of anodes, graphite exhibits encouraging potassium‐ion storage properties; however, it suffers limited rate capability and poor cycling stability. Here, nongraphitic carbons as K‐ion anodes with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the binder are systematically investigated. Compared to hard carbon and soft carbon, a hard–soft composite carbon with 20 wt% soft carbon distributed in the matrix phase of hard carbon microspheres exhibits highly amenable performance: high capacity, high rate capability, and very stable long‐term cycling. In contrast, pure hard carbon suffers limited rate capability, while the capacity of pure soft carbon fades more rapidly.
The hard–soft composite carbon represents a highly promising anode material for practical applications of potassium‐ion batteries. It exhibits a high reversible capacity of 261 mAh g−1, excellent rate capability, and stable cycling life of 200 cycles with capacity retention of 93%.
•An activated carbon with a high surface area and outstanding dye adsorption properties was studied.•Dye adsorption isotherms were quantified at different temperatures.•Statistical physics model was ...used to attribute theoretical interpretation of dye adsorption mechanism.
An activated carbon with a high surface area and outstanding adsorption properties was prepared for dye removal from water. The new adsorbent was obtained from the chemical activation and pyrolysis of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). This activated carbon was employed to analyze and characterize the adsorption mechanism of three dye molecules: methyl violet, allura red and congo red. Different characterization techniques and experimental adsorption isotherms quantified at different temperatures (25–45 °C) were utilized to interpret the dye adsorption mechanism. A double layer adsorption model was employed to estimate the steric and energetic parameters associated with the adsorption of these dye molecules. The modelling results provided the possible adsorption orientations of these dyes on adsorbent surfaces at different operating temperatures and the number of bonded dye molecules per functional group of this adsorbent was also analyzed. Calculated adsorption energies showed that both exothermic and endothermic processes were feasible for these dyes and physical forces were involved in the adsorption mechanism. Overall, this new adsorbent showed a competitive performance for dye removal in aqueous solution and can be a potential option for industrial applications.
The aim of this study is to explore facile and large-scale method for the preparation of magnetic adsorbent materials with high-efficient heavy metal removal performance. Here, based on the process ...intensification of high-gravity technology, the carboxymethyl cellulose-immobilized Fe
O
nanoparticles (CMC-Fe
O
) were continuously synthesized via impinging stream-rotating packed bed. With a theoretical production rate of 2.35 kg h
, the as-prepared CMC-Fe
O
exhibited better adsorption capacity and faster rate for Pb(II) than those of pure Fe
O
, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) reached up to 152.0 mg g
. It was found that the adsorption data of Pb(II) onto CMC-Fe
O
fit well to pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, the as-prepared adsorbent exhibited good reusability after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the high-gravity technology can be employed for the preparation of high-performance nano-adsorbent and has a great potential in the application of heavy metal removal.
Many crucial components inside electronic devices are made from non‐renewable, non‐biodegradable, and potentially toxic materials, leading to environmental damage. Finding alternative green ...dielectric materials is mandatory to align with global sustainable goals. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a bio‐polymer derived from cellulose and has outstanding properties. Herein, citric acid, dextrin, and CMC based hydrogels are prepared, which are biocompatible and biodegradable and exhibit rubber‐like mechanical properties, with Young modulus values of 0.89 MPa. Hence, thin film CMC‐based hydrogel is explored as a suitable green high‐k dielectric candidate for operation at low voltages, demonstrating a high dielectric constant of up to 78. These fabricated transistors reveal stable high capacitance (2090 nF cm−2) for ≈±3 V operation. Using a polyelectrolyte‐type approach and poly‐(2‐vinyl anthracene) (PVAn) surface modification, this study demonstrates a thin dielectric layer (d ≈30 nm) with a small voltage threshold (Vth ≈−0.8 V), moderate transconductance (gm ≈65 nS), and high ON–OFF ratio (≈105). Furthermore, the dielectric layer exhibits stable performance under bias stress of ± 3.5 V and 100 cycles of switching tests. The modified CMC‐based hydrogel demonstrates desirable performance as a green dielectric for low‐voltage operation, further highlighting its biocompatibility.
The study identifies a green dielectric material from cellulose‐based hydrogel, which is biocompatible and biodegradable. The fabricated transistors operate at low voltages, exhibiting stable high capacitance (2090 nF cm‐2). After surface modification, the thin dielectric layer (d ≈30 nm) shows moderate transconductance (gm ≈65 nS), high ON–OFF ratio (≈105), and stable performance under bias stress of ± 3.5 V with 100 switching cycles.
The chemical reduction of organic or inorganic water contaminants is very important for both human health and pollution control. However, challenges still persist in preparing catalysts for chemical ...reduction, and there is a need for the development of inexpensive, easily synthesized, and effective catalyst systems. In this study, we have synthesized a new palladium nanocatalyst supported on the composite hydrogel beads composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 composite was fully characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, EDS, TEM, and EDS mapping analysis, confirming its successful preparation at the nano-scale. Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 was utilized to reduce various nitroaromatics such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2-nitrophenol (2-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-NPDA), and organic dyes including methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), Rhodamine B (RhB), as well as potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K3Fe(CN)6), which is the inorganic contaminant. While Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 completely reduced nitroaromatics within 65–120 s at 1 × 10−4 M concentration, organic dyes within 0–60 s at 1 × 10−5 M concentration, and K3Fe(CN)6 within 90 s at 0.002 M concentration in water at room temperature. Rate constant values (kapp) of 4-NP, 2-NA, 4-NA, 4-NPDA, MO, RhB, and K3Fe(CN)6 were calculated to be 0.0085 s−1, 0.012 s−1, 0.016 s−1, 0.01 s−1, 0.013 s−1, 0.021 s−1, and 0.015 s−1, respectively. Additionally, the Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 displayed high stability and even after four consecutive runs, it was able to reduce 4-NP and MO without any significant loss in its performance.
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•Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 is an easily fabricated and environmentally friendly nanocatalyst.•Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 efficiently catalyzed the reduction of 4-NP, 2-NA, 4-NA, 4-NPDA, MO, MB, RhB, and K3Fe(CN)6.•Pd@Na-CMC/g-C3N4 was reusable for four successive cycles.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-agar biocomposite film was developed by a solvent casting method and the effects of summer savory essential oil (SSEO) at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v/v on antimicrobial, ...microstructural, mechanical and optical properties as well as water sensitivity of the films were studied. Results showed that incorporation of SSEO into the biocomposite film developed active films with good growth inhibition activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus and L. monocytogenes) and less powerfully against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). Addition of the SSEO at 1.0 and 1.5% increased microstructural heterogeneity of the films and hence significantly (p < 0.05) increased water vapor permeability of the films while reducing their tensile strength. In contrast, mechanical flexibility and surface hydrophobicity of the films were significantly (p < 0.05) improved as a function of SSEO addition. The active films showed substantially lower swelling ratio compared to the CMC-agar film when 1.5% SSEO was added, but the transparency of the films was reduced. Finally, the results showed that SSEO can act as an antimicrobial agent in combination with CMC-agar film. However, it modifies properties of the film depending on the applied concentration.
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•An active film was developed by addition of summer savory EO to CMC-agar biocomposite.•Minimum EO content inducing antimicrobial activity in the biocomposite film was 1%.•The active films showed good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria.•Mechanical flexibility and hydrophobicity of the films were improved with the EO.•Summer savory EO increased microstructural heterogeneity and WVP of the films.
The complex of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan (CH) in aqueous solution can be used for biomedical applications and is very beneficial for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and ...disease treatment. This article presents elaboration and properties of the complex of two polysaccharides with opposite charges of CMC/CH in aqueous solutions. The electrical conductivity under the influence of increasing concentrations of the CMC/CH mixtures from (0.5 to 10) g l−1 and increasing temperatures from 288.15 to 318.15 K is investigated. The reduced conductivities, σred$\left(\sigma\right)_{\text{red}}$, energy of activation ΔEσ$\Delta E_{\sigma}$, the Gibbs free energy of conductivity ΔGσred$\Delta G_{\text{&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sigma;red}}$, and the activations parameters of the enthalpy (ΔHred$\Delta H_{\text{red}}$) and entropy (ΔSred$\Delta S_{\text{red}}$) are estimated.
This work opens up new possibilities for biopolymer complexes and emphasizes the importance of two polysaccharides with different charges. The interaction between a complex of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan forms the basis for various applications in areas such as drug delivery, biomedical engineering, food science, and more, utilizing their unique properties and ability to interact based on their different charges.
In this study, a new type of biodegradable, injectable, self-healing, and low-toxic CMCSH, formed by N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan-heparin (CMCS-Hep) and carboxymethyl cellulose-aldehyde (CMC-A), was ...designed to deliver drug for promoting the progress of the diabetic wound healing. CMCS was modified with Hep for the first time to synthesize CMCS-Hep, and CMC-A was synthesized by the periodate oxidation method. First, SOD encapsulated in the CMCSH was applied to the diabetic wound bed to moderate the microenvironment, then rhEGF retained in the CMCSH was sustainedly released to the wound area. These results indicated that the dual-drug delivery system had the ability to improve drug availability, promote cell migration and proliferation, reduce DNA damage, shorten the inflammatory period, and accelerate the deposition of collagen fibers and the formation of blood vessels in the model with diabetic skin injury, suggesting that CMCSH as drug carriers had positive effects on diabetic wound healing.
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