There may be a risk of COVID-19 transmission to rescuers delivering treatment for cardiac arrest. The aim of this review was to identify the potential risk of transmission associated with key ...interventions (chest compressions, defibrillation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation) to inform international treatment recommendations.
We undertook a systematic review comprising three questions: (1) aerosol generation associated with key interventions; (2) risk of airborne infection transmission associated with key interventions; and (3) the effect of different personal protective equipment strategies. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the World Health Organization COVID-19 database on 24th March 2020. Eligibility criteria were developed individually for each question. We assessed risk of bias for individual studies, and used the GRADE process to assess evidence certainty by outcome.
We included eleven studies: two cohort studies, one case control study, five case reports, and three manikin randomised controlled trials. We did not find any direct evidence that chest compressions or defibrillation either are or are not associated with aerosol generation or transmission of infection. Data from manikin studies indicates that donning of personal protective equipment delays treatment delivery. Studies provided only indirect evidence, with no study describing patients with COVID-19. Evidence certainty was low or very low for all outcomes.
It is uncertain whether chest compressions or defibrillation cause aerosol generation or transmission of COVID-19 to rescuers. There is very limited evidence and a rapid need for further studies.
Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020175594.
CPR in the Covid-19 Era - An Ethical Framework Kramer, Daniel B; Lo, Bernard; Dickert, Neal W
The New England journal of medicine,
2020-Jul-09, Letnik:
383, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Abstract Introduction The objective was to determine whether extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), when compared with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR), improves ...outcomes in adult patients, and to determine appropriate conditions that can predict good survival outcome in ECPR patients through a meta-analysis. Methods We searched the relevant literature of comparative studies between ECPR and CCPR in adults, from the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The baseline information and outcome data (survival, good neurologic outcome at discharge, at 3–6 months, and at 1 year after arrest) were extracted. Beneficial effect of ECPR on outcome was analyzed according to time interval, location of arrest (out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA)), and pre-defined population inclusion criteria (witnessed arrest, initial shockable rhythm, cardiac etiology of arrest and CPR duration) by using Review Manager 5.3. Cochran's Q test and I2 were calculated. Results 10 of 1583 publications were included. Although survival to discharge did not show clear superiority in OHCA, ECPR showed statistically improved survival and good neurologic outcome as compared to CCPR, especially at 3–6 months after arrest. In the subgroup of patients with pre-defined inclusion criteria, the pooled meta-analysis found similar results in studies with pre-defined criteria. Conclusion Survival and good neurologic outcome tended to be superior in the ECPR group at 3–6 months after arrest. The effect of ECPR on survival to discharge in OHCA was not clearly shown. As ECPR showed better outcomes than CCPR in studies with pre-defined criteria, strict indications criteria should be considered when implementation of ECPR.
The goal of this work is to provide insight into survival and neurologic outcomes of pediatric patients supported with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A systematic search of Embase, ...PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was performed from January 1990 to May 2020.
A comprehensive list of nonregistry studies with pediatric patients managed with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation was included.
Study characteristics and outcome estimates were extracted from each article.
Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Differences were estimated using subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression. The Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline was followed and the certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Twenty-eight studies (1,348 patients) were included. There was a steady increase in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation occurrence rate from the 1990s until 2020. There were 32, 338, and 1,094 patients' articles published between 1990 and 2000, 2001 and 2010, and 2010 and 2020, respectively. More than 70% were cannulated for a primary cardiac arrest. Pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation patients had a 46% (CI 95% = 43-48%; p < 0.01) overall survival rate. The rate of survival with favorable neurologic outcome was 30% (CI 95% = 27-33%; p < 0.01).
The use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation is rapidly expanding, particularly for children with underlying cardiac disease. An overall survival of 46% and favorable neurologic outcomes add credence to this emerging therapy.
The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) affects hemodynamics, survival, and neurological outcomes following pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Most health care professionals fail to ...perform CPR within established American Heart Association guidelines.
To determine whether "just-in-time" (JIT) CPR training with visual feedback (VisF) before CPA or real-time VisF during CPA improves the quality of chest compressions (CCs) during simulated CPA.
Prospective, randomized, 2 × 2 factorial-design trial with explicit methods (July 1, 2012, to April 15, 2014) at 10 International Network for Simulation-Based Pediatric Innovation, Research, & Education (INSPIRE) institutions running a standardized simulated CPA scenario, including 324 CPR-certified health care professionals assigned to 3-person resuscitation teams (108 teams).
Each team was randomized to 1 of 4 permutations, including JIT training vs no JIT training before CPA and real-time VisF vs no real-time VisF during simulated CPA.
The proportion of CCs with depth exceeding 50 mm, the proportion of CPR time with a CC rate of 100 to 120 per minute, and CC fraction (percentage CPR time) during simulated CPA.
The quality of CPR was poor in the control group, with 12.7% (95% CI, 5.2%-20.1%) mean depth compliance and 27.1% (95% CI, 14.2%-40.1%) mean rate compliance. JIT training compared with no JIT training improved depth compliance by 19.9% (95% CI, 11.1%-28.7%; P < .001) and rate compliance by 12.0% (95% CI, 0.8%-23.2%; P = .037). Visual feedback compared with no VisF improved depth compliance by 15.4% (95% CI, 6.6%-24.2%; P = .001) and rate compliance by 40.1% (95% CI, 28.8%-51.3%; P < .001). Neither intervention had a statistically significant effect on CC fraction, which was excellent (>89.0%) in all groups. Combining both interventions showed the highest compliance with American Heart Association guidelines but was not significantly better than either intervention in isolation.
The quality of CPR provided by health care professionals is poor. Using novel and practical technology, JIT training before CPA or real-time VisF during CPA, alone or in combination, improves compliance with American Heart Association guidelines for CPR that are associated with better outcomes.
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02075450.
The influence of teaching leadership on the performance of rescuers remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare leadership instruction with a general technical instruction in a ...high-fidelity simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario.
Prospective, randomized, controlled superiority trial.
Simulator Center of the University Hospital Basel in Switzerland.
Two-hundred thirty-seven volunteer medical students in teams of three.
During a baseline visit, the medical students participated in a video-taped simulated witnessed cardiac arrest. Participants were thereafter randomized to receive instructions focusing either on correct positions of arms and shoulders (technical instruction group) or on leadership and communication to enhance team coordination (leadership instruction group). A follow-up simulation was conducted after 4 mos.
The primary outcome was the amount of hands-on time, defined as duration of uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the first 180 secs after the onset of the cardiac arrest (hands-on time) corrected. Secondary outcomes were time to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation, total leadership utterances, and technical skills. Outcomes were compared based on videotapes coded by two independent researchers. After a balanced performance at baseline, the leadership instruction group demonstrated a longer hands-on time (120 secs; interquartile range, 98-135 vs. 87 secs; interquartile range, 61-108; p < .001), a shorter median time to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (44 secs; interquartile range, 32-62; vs. 67 secs; interquartile range, 43-79; p = .018), and had more leadership utterances (7; interquartile range, 4-10; vs. 5; interquartile range, 2-8; p = .02) in the follow-up visit. The rate of correct arm and shoulder positions was higher in teams with technical instruction (59%; 19 out of 32; vs. 23%; 7 out of 31; p = .003).
Video-assisted leadership and technical instructions after a simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario showed sustained efficacy after a 4-mo duration. Leadership instructions were superior to technical instructions, with more leadership utterances and better overall cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance.
Paediatric health providers and educators influence infant mortality through advocacy and training within families and communities. This research sought to establish the efficacy and training of ...two-finger versus two-thumb-encircling techniques for lone responder infant chest compressions with ventilations in initially trained infant caregivers.
This is a randomised, cross-over educational intervention assessed on instrumented manikins using the 2015 guideline measures of quality infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Additional subjective data on the experience were collected through self-reporting.
Non-healthcare community organisations and secondary school classrooms.
Fourteen years or older, fluent in English and had not taken infant CPR in the last 5 years.
Groups of eight participants were randomised to learn one technique, practised and then tested for 8 min. After a 30 min rest, the group repeated the process using the other technique.
Mean chest compression depth and rate, compression fraction, and correct hand position; tiredness and pain as reported by the caregiver.
The two-thumb-encircling technique achieved a deeper mean compression depth over the 8 min period (2.0 mm, p<0.01), closer to the minimum recommendation of 40 mm; the two-finger technique achieved higher percentages of compression fraction and complete recoil. Caregivers preferred the two-thumb technique (64%), and of these 70% had long fingernails.
The two-thumb-encircling technique improved compression depth, over an 8 min scenario, and was preferred by caregivers. This adds to the existing literature on the advantages of two-thumb-encircling as a technique for lone and team infant CPR, which counters current guidelines.
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