The wet‐chemical processability of sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) provides intriguing opportunities for all‐solid‐state batteries. Thus far, sulfide SEs are wet‐prepared either from solid ...precursors suspended in solvents (suspension synthesis) or from homogeneous solutions using SEs (solution process) with restricted composition spaces. Here, a universal solution synthesis method for preparing sulfide SEs from precursors, not only Li2S, P2S5, LiCl, and Na2S, but also metal sulfides (e.g., GeS2 and SnS2), fully dissolved in an alkahest: a mixture solvent of 1,2‐ethylenediamine (EDA) and 1,2‐ethanedithiol (EDT) (or ethanethiol). Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal that the exceptional dissolving power of EDA–EDT toward GeS2 is due to the nucleophilicity of the thiolate anions that is strong enough to dissociate the GeS bonds. Solution‐synthesized Li10GeP2S12, Li6PS5Cl, and Na11Sn2PS12 exhibit high ionic conductivities (0.74, 1.3, and 0.10 mS cm−1 at 30 °C, respectively), and their application for all‐solid‐state batteries is successfully demonstrated.
The universal solution synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes is first demonstrated. The alkahest solvent, 1,2‐ethylenediamine–1,2‐ethanedithiol, fully dissolves not only Li2S (or Na2S), P2S5, and LiCl, but also metal sulfides (e.g., GeS2 and SnS2), forming homogeneous solid electrolyte solutions. Solution‐synthesized Li10GeP2S12, Li6PS5Cl, and Na11Sn2PS12 exhibit high ionic conductivities, and their applicability to all‐solid‐state batteries is successfully demonstrated.
Extensive studies were devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), in recent years. Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite ...(Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) due to its low cost and low toxicity, besides its unique magnetic and physicochemical characteristics which qualified it for use in various applications such as biomedical and technological applications. Magnetic particles should be small and have a narrow size distribution for these applications. The smaller the size of the iron oxide particles, the greater their reactivity and biodegradability. In this review, we display summary information of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in terms of structure, characteristics, and preparation methods. Because the prepared strategy has been proven to be critical for preferable control of the particle size and shape, in addition, to producing monodispersed magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a direct effect on their characteristics and applications, special attention will be placed on chemical preparation techniques including Hydrothermal synthesis, Co-precipitation technique, Sol-Gel process, and thermal decomposition method. This review offers specific information for selecting appropriate synthetic methods for obtaining appropriate sizes, shapes, and magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for target applications.
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•Inhibitors produced by pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass inhibit microbial and enzymic processes.•The inhibitors produced during pretreatment process by different components ...are steadily reviewed.•The physical, chemical and biological methods used for detoxification are discussed.•The challenges and possibilities of inhibitor removal are identified.
The main objective of biomass pretreatment is to separate biomass components and provide easier access with ultimate aim for lignin removal, hemicellulose protection and cellulose crystallinity reduction. Effective bioconversion with least inhibitory compound production would play a considerable role in economic practicability of the process in order to achieve economic sustainability. In this regard, detoxification is an important condition to make biomass hydrolysate acquiescent to bioconversion; also, understanding of inhibitors effect on growth and fermentation are necessary requirements for system detoxification. A number of physical, chemical and biological methods like feedstock selection, membrane selection, neutralization, use of activated charcoal etc have been recommended and developed for removal or minimizing the inhibitory compounds effect. This work reviews various inhibitory compounds produced during pretreatment methods and their removal by various processes.
The liquid‐phase synthesis (LS) of sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) has promising potential for mass production of practical all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASLBs). However, their accessible SE ...compositions are mostly metal‐free. Moreover, liquid‐phase‐synthesized‐SEs (LS‐SEs) suffer from high electronic conductivity due to carbon impurities, resulting in below‐par electrochemical performance of ASLBs. Here, the LS of highly deformable and air‐stable Li3+xP1‐xSnxS4 (0.19 mS cm−1) using 1,2‐ethylene diamine‐1,2‐ethanedithiol with tetrahydrofuran is reported. A low heat‐treatment temperature (260 °C) prevents the carbonization of organic residues. Importantly, a remarkable enhancement in the deformability of LS‐SEs compared to that of conventional solid‐state‐synthesized SEs (SS‐SEs) is identified for the first time. LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 electrodes employing LS‐SEs in ASLBs significantly outperform those using SS‐SEs, notably when assembled under a low fabricating pressure (148 vs 370 MPa, e.g., capacity loss: 2 vs 41 mA h g−1) or tested under a low operating pressure (12 or 3 MPa), which is attributed to reduced electrochemo‐mechanical effects. Finally, when employing SEs that are exposed to air (dew point of −20 °C), LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 electrodes employing SEs with Sn‐substituted composition or prepared by LS exhibit significantly better capacity retention than conventional SEs with Sn‐free composition or prepared by SS (e.g., 92.2% for LS‐Li3.2P0.8Sn0.2S4 vs 32.5% for SS‐Li3PS4).
Liquid‐phase‐derived highly deformable and air‐stable Sn‐substituted Li3PS4 for all‐solid‐state batteries is reported. Marginal organic residues at the nanoscale for liquid‐phase‐synthesized solid electrolytes remarkably enhance deformability, resulting in significantly improved performance of LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 electrodes compared to conventional solid‐state‐synthesized solid electrolytes, particularly when tailored at low fabricating pressure or tested under low operating pressure.
We present the procedure for transforming delocalized molecular orbitals into the localized property‐optimized orbitals (LPOs) designed for building the most accurate, in the Frobenius norm sense, ...approximation to the first‐order reduced density matrix in form of the sum of localized monoatomic and diatomic terms. In this way, a decomposition of molecular properties into contributions associated with individual atoms and the pairs of atoms is obtained with the a priori known upper bound for the decomposition accuracy. Additional algorithm is proposed for obtaining the set of “the Chemist's LPOs” (CLPOs) containing a single localized orbital, with nearly double occupancy, per a pair of electrons. CLPOs form an idealized Lewis structure optimized for the closest possible reproduction of one‐electron properties derived from the original many‐electron wavefunction. The computational algorithms for constructing LPOs and CLPOs from a general wavefunction are presented and their implementation within the open‐source freeware program JANPA (http://janpa.sourceforge.net/) is discussed. The performance of the proposed procedures is assessed using the test set of density matrices of 33 432 small molecules obtained at both Hartree‐Fock and second‐order Moller‐Plesset theory levels and excellent agreement with the chemist's Lewis‐structure picture is found.
Algorithms for transforming molecular orbitals to localized form are presented. The orbitals created by the proposed algorithms provide the basis for accuracy‐optimized decomposition of any one‐electron molecular property into contributions associated with individual atoms and the pairs of atoms. In this way, the “property‐optimal” Lewis structure is recovered from a general wavefunction obtained from quantum‐chemical calculations. The algorithms are implemented in an open‐source freeware program JANPA (http://janpa.sourceforge.net/) and tested on 33 432 small molecules.
Polysaccharide-based films are favored in the food packaging industry because of their advantages of green and safe characters, as well as natural degradability, but due to the structural defects of ...polysaccharides, they also have the disadvantages of high water vapor permeability (WVP), which greatly limits their application in the food packaging industry. To break the limitation, numerous methods, e.g., physical and/or chemical methods, have been employed. This review mainly elaborates the up-to-date research status of the application of polysaccharide-based films (PBFs) in food packaging area, including various films from cellulose and its derivatives, starch, chitosan, pectin, alginate, pullulan and so on, while the methods of reducing the WVP of PBFs, mainly divided into physical and chemical methods, are summarized, as well as the discussions about the existing problems and development trends of PBFs. In the end, suggestions about the future development of WVP of PBFs are presented.
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Ordered intermetallic nanomaterials with a well‐defined crystal structure and fixed stoichiometry facilitate the predictable control of their electronic structure and catalytic performance. To obtain ...the thermodynamically stable intermetallic structures, the conventional approaches with high‐temperature annealing are still far from satisfactory, because of annealing‐induced aggregation and sintering of nanomaterials. Herein, a general wet‐chemical method is developed to synthesize a series of noble metal–based intermetallic nanocrystals, including hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) PtBi nanoplates, face‐centered cubic (fcc) Pd3Pb nanocubes, and hcp Pd2.5Bi1.5 nanoparticles. During the synthetic process, Br− ions play two important roles for the formation of ordered intermetallic structures: i) Br− ions can coordinate with the metal ions to decrease their reduction potentials thus slowing down the reduction kinetics. ii) Br− ions can combine with molecular oxygen to generate an oxidative etching effect, hence reconstructing the atom arrangement, which is beneficial for the formation of the intermetallic structure. As a proof‐of‐concept application, Pd3Pb nanocubes are used as electrocatalysts for ethanol and methanol oxidation reactions, which exhibit significantly improved electrochemical performance compared with the commercial Pd black catalyst.
A general wet‐chemical method is developed to synthesize a series of noble Metal–Based intermetallic nanocrystals, in which Br− ions play important roles in the formation of atomically ordered structures. The obtained Pd3Pb nanocubes exhibit superior electrocatalytic performance for ethanol and methanol oxidation reactions.
•Comparison between superiority of sonochemical and conventional methods for optimized PrVO4.•Investigation effect of Schiff-base ligands as capping agents on size and uniformity.•Investigation of ...photocatalytic performance of PrVO4 by changing Operational Parameters.•Experimental and kinetic study of photodegradation of PrVO4 synthesized by diverse four methods.
In the current research, various conventional chemical preparation methods without ultrasound aid (precipitation, microwave, and hydrothermal) were compared with sonochemical procedure and were performed for providing of PrVO4 nanostructures using Schiff-base ligands. The small size products with monodisperse particles (~39 nm) optimized by sonochemical fabrication method and using H2 acacpn ligand via ultrasonic probe with power of 60 W and frequency of 18 KHz. The produced PrVO4 nanostructures applied for degradation of diverse organic dyes through the photocatalytic process. Dye types, pH adjusting of dye, dosage of catalyst, synthesis method of nanoparticles and light source as impressive factors inquired for dye removal ability. The outcomes presented the removal efficiency of Eriochorom Black T in optimal conditions of pH = 11 and the catalysts amounts of PrVO4 were adjusted to be 0.05 g. The PrVO4 photocatalyst shows high removal efficiency (ca 86.92 and 89.61%) after 90 min of operation under UV light. The best-obtained framework confirmed the basic study to compare different method in order to acquire suitable catalyst materials. The simple, fast and economic strategy for synthesis PrVO4 with high photodegradation efficiency is sonochemical method against other ways, and it could be extended to the most efficient catalyst materials for water treatment. Consequently, the PrVO4 may suggestion a hopeful avenue for designing the novel generation, low-cost and outstanding potential photocatalyst materials for water treatment.
Using of chemical means in detrimental rodents control is an important way for diminution of rodent’s populations and their damages. In this paper we have identified all methods for application of ...these chemical means in deratization practice. Methods for raticides application are:using of spraying;using of toxic baits;poisoning of watering sources;the gasification of galleries.
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