Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), one of the most appreciated and most important commercial temperate fruits, has high sensory quality and nutritional value. Investigating its metabolic variations ...provides valuable information on the formation of fruit quality. In this study, widely targeted LC-MS/MS based metabolomics was used to identify and quantify metabolic changes during 'Black Pearl' sweet cherry development and ripening. A total of 263 significant differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were detected during the four fruit-development stages. Significant differences were observed in the composition and content of compounds in the four stages of cherry development, especially sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids. Moreover, transcriptome analysis provided a molecular basis for metabolic variations during fruit development. A total of 6724 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Further correlation analysis of major DEMs and DEGs showed that 19 key DEGs were involved in sugar metabolism, 23 key DEGs in organic acid metabolism, and 13 key DEGs in flavonoid metabolism. The upregulated genes involved in the flavonoid pathway probably play an important role in regulating the rapid increase of anthocyanin content during fruit development. These comprehensive analysis data provide a better understanding to improve fruit quality traits based on molecular and metabolic levels.
Italy is one of the major world cherry producers and over a third of its production takes place in the Apulian Region. This study aims to quantify and evaluate the environmental sustainability of the ...lifecycle of cherry production and transformation in the Apulia region in southern Italy. The paper presents the results of a pilot study commissioned by an Apulian consortium of cherry producers. The purpose is that of identifying the main hotspots of the implemented production practices and suggesting options for environmental improvement.
A Life Cycle Assessment approach is used for the quantification of the potential environmental impacts of cherry production. The lifecycle stages included in the study follow the cradle-to-gate approach, considering the agricultural processes, transports and the transformation system, which gives three types of intermediate products for the food manufacturing industry, namely cherries in SO2, cherries in alcohol and destoned cherries in alcohol. A comparison of the environmental profile of the different cherry products has been carried out and possible alternative scenarios evaluated.
The assessment results show that, for most impact categories, as in many other agri-food systems, the agricultural lifecycle phase is environmentally more burdening compared to the transformation phase.
As regards the finished products, the cherry in SO2 system has a better environmental profile compared to that of the cherries in alcohol. For instance, the GWP, referred to the whole life cycle (including the agricultural, transport and processing phases), amounted to 556.1 kg CO2eq t−1 cherries in alcohol, 725.7 kg CO2eq t−1 cherries destoned in alcohol, 298.9 kg CO2eq t−1 cherries in SO2. For the cherry in alcohol system, part of the hydro-alcoholic solution is reused in the transformation process. This contribution has been evaluated and compared with the scenario without recycling of alcohol.
The results of the research indicate that different environmental improvements could be achieved for this cherry production system by reducing on-orchard emissions, focusing on the key contributors of energy and fertilisers-related emissions, by implementing more efficient transportation and by the recycling some of the solutions (such as the hydro-alcoholic one) in the industrial phase.
Prunus subgenus Cerasus (cherry) is an economically important group that distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. However, shared interspecific morphological traits and ...variability across taxa of Cerasus are among the impediments to taxonomic efforts to correctly delimit taxa. This is further complicated by a lack of genetic information on these taxa, with no focused genomic or phylogenetic studies being done on Cerasus. In this study, we conducted comparative analysis on the complete plastid genomes (plastomes) of 20 Cerasus species to gain a greater understanding of the attributes of the plastome of these taxa while helping resolve their phylogenetic placement in Prunus sensu lato and interspecific relationships within the subgenus. Our results displayed that (1) the plastomes of the 20 Cerasus species studied exhibited a typical quadripartite structure with conversed genome arrangement, structure, and moderate divergence. (2) The average size of complete plastomes for the Cerasus taxa studied was 157,861 bp, ranging from 157,458 to 158,024 bp. A total of 134 genes were annotated, including 86 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs across all species. In simple sequence repeat analysis, we found Cerasus had a comparable number of dispersed and tandem repeats to those identified in other angiosperm taxa, with only P. pseudocerasus found to contain trinucleotide repeats. Nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that the trnG-GCC gene and rpl32-trnL region had the highest Pi value showing potential as phylogenetic markers. (3) Two phylogenetic trees of the plastomes verified the monophyletic relationship of Cerasus and provided a more resolved species-level phylogeny. Our study provides detailed plastome information for exploring the phylogeny of subg. Cerasus taxa. We identified various types of repeats and nucleotide diversity hotspots, which can be a reference for species identification and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.
"Digital" agriculture is rapidly affecting the value of agricultural output. Robotic picking of the ripe agricultural product enables accurate and rapid picking, making agricultural harvesting ...intelligent. How to increase product output has also become a challenge for digital agriculture. During the cherry growth process, realizing the rapid and accurate detection of cherry fruits is the key to the development of cherry fruits in digital agriculture. Due to the inaccurate detection of cherry fruits, environmental problems such as shading have become the biggest challenge for cherry fruit detection. This paper proposes an improved YOLO-V4 deep learning algorithm to detect cherry fruits. This model is suitable for cherry fruits with a small volume. It is proposed to increase the network based on the YOLO-V4 backbone network CSPDarknet53 network, combined with DenseNet The density between layers, the a priori box in the YOLO-V4 model, is changed to a circular marker box that fits the shape of the cherry fruit. Based on the improved YOLO-V4 model, the feature extraction is enhanced, the network structure is deepened, and the detection speed is improved. To verify the effectiveness of this method, different deep learning algorithms of YOLO-V3, YOLO-V3-dense and YOLO-V4 are compared. The results show that the mAP (average accuracy) value obtained by using the improved YOLO-V4 model (YOLO-V4-dense) network in this paper is 0.15 higher than that of yolov4. In actual orchard applications, cherries with different ripeness of cherries in the same area can be detected, and the fruits with larger ripeness differences can be artificially intervened, and finally, the yield of cherry fruits can be increased.
Abstract
Arabica and robusta are the two major coffee beans being sold worldwide. It is well recognized that coffee quality is influenced by their origin and the microbiological activities that drive ...their fermentation. However, in many coffee plantations, information about the natural diversity of bacteria that inhabit the arabica and robusta coffee cherries is limited. Here, we sampled arabica and robusta coffee cherries from Malang, East Java, Indonesia, then sequenced and analysed their bacterial composition. We found that: (a) arabica cherries contained bacteria with less diversity and abundance compared with robusta; (b) both coffee cherries were heavily populated by extremophiles, presumably dispersed from volcanic activities; (c) groups known to be involved in coffee fermentation such as lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, Enterobacteria, and soil-associated bacteria were present in both arabica and robusta coffee cherries, and (d) arabica cherries were dominated by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. These findings highlight that coffee cherry bacteria are highly diverse, the majority of which might come from the environment, with some potentially beneficial or detrimental to coffee quality. Knowledge of the natural microbial diversity of coffee cherries may be useful for the development of coffee fermentation technologies to yield coffee beans with consistent quality.
First report on the comparison of indigenous bacterial consortia of arabica and robusta coffee cherries from Indonesia.
Due to the aging of trees, aged apple and cherry orchards need to be rebuilt urgently. However, due to the limitation of land resources, it is inevitable to rebuild the apple orchard by taking the ...aged cherry orchard as a replacement, which will lead to replant disease and seriously affect the sustainable development of the horticulture industry. This study investigated the effect of aged cherry orchard soil on the growth of M. hupehensis seedlings grown in pots, and it was further verified that allelochemicals in soil were one of the reasons for this effect. Three treatments were implemented: aged apple orchard soil (ppl), aged cherry orchard soil (pyl), and aged cherry orchard soil after fumigation with methyl bromide (pyz). Compared with pyz, pyl treatment significantly decreased the biomass, root growth, and antioxidant enzyme activity of M. hupehensis seedlings, and increased the content of MDA. Compared with ppl, pyl contains a smaller number of fungi and bacteria, but the abundance of the four disease-causing Fusarium remained high. In addition, the levels of allelochemicals found in the soil of aged cherry orchards can inhibit the normal growth and development of M. hupehensis seedlings. Amygdalin most strongly inhibited these seedlings. In summary, directly planting M. hupehensis seedlings in the soil of the aged cherry orchards still inhibits their normal growth and development, although the seedlings grow better than in aged apple orchard soil. Therefore, it is not feasible to directly plant M. hupehensis seedlings in the soil of aged cherry orchards, and measures should be taken to eliminate allelochemicals such as amygdalin and harmful microorganisms.
Back ground In the current study, a total of 69 MYB genes were investigated from sweet cherry genome and classified into 28 subfamilies (C1-C28 based on phylogenetic and structural analysis). ...Microcollinearity analysis revealed that dispersed duplication (DSD) events might play an important role in the MYB genes family expansion. Chromosomal localization, the synonymous (Ks) and nonsynonymous (Ka) analysis, molecular characteristics (pI, weight and length of amino acids) and subcellular localization were accomplished using several bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the members of distinct subfamilies have diverse cis-acting regions, conserved motifs, and intron-exon architectures, indicating functional heterogeneity in the MYB family. Moreover, the transcriptomic data exposed that MYB genes might play vital role in bud dormancy. The quantitative real-time qRT-PCR was carried out and the expression pattern indicated that MYB genes significantly expressed in floral bud as compared to flower and fruit. Our comprehensive findings provide supportive insights into the evolutions, expansion complexity and functionality of PavMYB genes. These PavMYB genes should be further investigated as they seem to be brilliant candidates for dormancy manipulation in sweet cherry.
•UV-C treatment significantly increased the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins.•UV-C irradiation enhanced the enzymes activities of PAL, C4H, and 4CL.•UV-C treatment induced the ...expression of the key phenylpropanoid pathway genes.•Bioactive compounds are co-related with phenylpropanoid pathway biosynthesis.
Ultraviolet (UV) influences postharvest changes in secondary metabolites of fruit. In this study, sweet cherries were treated with UV-C irradiation (1.05, 2.10, and 4.20 kJ/m2) for different treatment periods, they were stored at room temperature (25.0 ± 2.0 ℃) for 6 days. The results showed that the total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins increased in response to UV-C during storage. UPLC-ESI-MS analysis indicated that the individual flavonoids and anthocyanins contents increased, including cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, cyanidin O-syringic acid, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, tricin 5-O-hexoside, luteolin C-hexoside, Di-O-methylquercetin, and naringenin-7-O-glucoside. Furthermore, UV-C (2.10 kJ/m2) treatment upregulated the enzymes activity and genes expression of phenylpropanoid pathway. Highly significant correlations were found among flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and genes expression of ANS, DFR, UFGT (r > 0.6, p < 0.01) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHI, ANS, DFR expressions (r> 0.6, p < 0.01). These results contribute to illustrating the molecular mechanism of flavonoids and anthocyanins biosynthesis under the UV-C irradiation in sweet cherries and promote the development of postharvest in agriculture.
The performance of a new design of a solar dryer for drying osmotically dehydrated cherry tomatoes is presented. The dryer consists of drying cabinet, heat exchanger, 16-m2 water type solar ...collector, and water type heat storage unit. The cabinet size is 1.0 m wide × 3.0 m long × 1.4 m high with the load capacity of 100 kg for osmotically dehydrated cherry tomatoes. Three batches of osmotically dehydrated cherry tomatoes were dried in this dryer during May–June, 2014. For each batch, 100 kg of osmotically dehydrated cherry tomatoes were dried. There was a considerable reduction in drying time in the new solar dryer as compared to natural sun drying. The dried products were completely protected from rains and insects and were of high quality dried products. The efficiencies of the solar collector was 21%–69%. The pay-back period of the dryer is estimated to be 1.37 years.
•We present a new design of a solar dryer.•Drying reduced considerably in comparison to sun drying.•High quality osmotically dehydrated cherry tomatoes produced.•Payback period of the dryer is 1.37 years.
•The microbiota on fruit surfaces, not just pathogens, affected the rot of the cherry fruit.•Low-temperature storage prominently reduced the microbial α-diversity and network complexity on fruit ...surfaces.•Fungal microbiota was more sensitive to cherry postharvest rot than bacterial microbiota.
Ripe fruit is susceptible to postharvest rotting induced by microbial pathogens. The development of fruit storage technologies requires a comprehensive understanding of the overall microbial community involved in fruit storage. In this study, we investigated the microbiota of bacteria and fungi on cherry surfaces under room-temperature storage condition (25 ℃) and low-temperature storage condition (0 ℃) using high-throughput sequencing. The results demonstrated that Enterobacter, Erwinia, Botrytis, and unidentified Pleosporales were significantly enriched in the rotten samples, while Bacillus and Aureobasidium were enriched in the unrotten samples. After the fruit rotted, more dramatic changes were observed in fungal microbiota than in bacterial microbiota. Rotting significantly reduced fungal α-diversity without noticeably altering bacterial α-diversity, under both room-temperature storage and low-temperature storage conditions. Furthermore, temperature condition significantly impacted the composition of the surface microbiota of cherries, and the microbiota changed more significant when rotting under room-temperature storage condition than under low-temperature storage condition. Low-temperature storage reduced the α-diversity and network complexity. Significant correlations among potential pathogens, beneficial microorganisms, and other microbiota members indicated that in addition to pathogens, microbiota along with pathogens also influences fruit rot. This study provides new insight into the dynamics of the microbiome in cherries during storage.
PDF
