Migraine is a common disabling disorder characterized by recurrent headache attacks. Evidence showed that increasing in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) and ...Nitric oxide (NO) lead to inflammation and neurogenic pain. Cinnamon has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, however, to our knowledge, to date, the effect of cinnamon on migraine did not assess. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the effect of cinnamon on frequency, severity, duration and inflammatory markers of migraine attacks.
Fifty eligible migraine patients were randomized into two groups to receive either 3 capsules/day each contained 600 mg of cinnamon powder (intervention group) or receive 3 placebo capsules/day each contained 600 mg of corn starch (control group) for 2 months. At the beginning and the end of the study, blood samples were collected andserumIL-6 and CGRP levels were assessed using ELISA methods and serumNO levels were measured using Nitric Oxide Assay Kit. The frequency, severity and duration of pain attacks were also recorded.
The serum concentrations of IL6 and NO were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, the serum level of CGRP did not significantly change in both groups. The frequency, severity and duration of pain attacks significantly decreased in the intervention than the control group (P<0.05).
Cinnamon considerably reduced the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks in the migraine patients. This novel finding might be useful in a clinical setting to relief pain and the other complications of migraine.
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark and its extracts are popular ingredients added to food and supplement products. It has various health effects, including potentially reducing the risk of ...coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In our study, the bioactives in cinnamon water and ethanol extracts were chemically identified, and their potential in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein–angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding, reducing ACE2 availability, and scavenging free radicals was investigated. Twenty-seven and twenty-three compounds were tentatively identified in cinnamon water and ethanol extracts, respectively. Seven compounds, including saccharumoside C, two emodin–glucuronide isomers, two physcion–glucuronide isomers, and two type-A proanthocyanidin hexamers, were first reported in cinnamon. Cinnamon water and ethanol extracts suppressed the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 and inhibited ACE2 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cinnamon ethanol extract had total phenolic content of 36.67 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and free radical scavenging activities against HO• and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+) of 1688.85 and 882.88 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, which were significantly higher than those of the water extract at 24.12 mg GAE/g and 583.12 and 210.36 μmol TE/g. The free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) of cinnamon ethanol extract was lower than that of the water extract. The present study provides new evidence that cinnamon reduces the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development.
The low water-resistance and limited antibacterial activity of chitosan (CS) film hinder its practical applications in food preservation field. To solve these issues, we have facilely and effectively ...fabricated cinnamon essential oil (CEO)-loaded composite films via incorporating cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-stabilized CEO Pickering emulsions into CS-based film-forming matrix. Research results show the well distribution of emulsion droplets in film matrix. The insertion of CEO emulsions can improve film water-resistance and antibacterial activity, but reduces its mechanical strength. Concretely, the water contact angle and inhibition zone of composite films can increase by about 12.3° and 2 times compared with CS control film. Compared with tween-80, CNCs can increase film tensile strength by about 3.52 MPa and observably offset the decline of film mechanical property by CEO. Moreover, the film prepared with 3 w/v% CNC stabilized 30 v/v% CEO Pickering emulsion not only enhances pork preservation, but also maintain its structural stability. The fabricated antimicrobial films have considerable potential for packaging application.
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•Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was loaded into Pickering emulsion templates.•CEO-loaded cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)/chitosan composite film was prepared.•Pickering emulsion was templated and evenly distributed in film-forming matrix.•CNCs can offset the decline of film mechanical property causing by addition of CEO.•Composite films show controllable release property and good antibacterial activity.
Food safety issues caused by unrecognizable food spoilage threaten the health and lives of consumers. Simultaneously, petroleum-based plastic packaging films without degradability cause environmental ...pollution. Despite recent certain study progress in preparing biodegradable food packaging films, it is still significant and urgent to develop biomass food packaging films with favorable water resistance, mechanical strength, UV-barrier performance, antibacterial property, antioxidant activity and visual freshness indication performance at the same time. In this work, we fabricate an active and smart biomass composite film with favorable multifunctionality by incorporating the oxidized cellulose nanofiber (OCNF)-stabilized cinnamon oil (CNO) Pickering emulsion and curcumin (Cur) into gelatin/chitosan (GC) film matrix. The study results show that CNO Pickering emulsion droplets are uniformly distributed in the film matrix. Introducing Pickering emulsion reduces the film water absorption by 336.27% and promotes film antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the emulsion stabilizer OCNFs serve as nano-enhancers to increase film tensile strength by 1.4 MPa even if introducing CNO into the film matrix. Furthermore, Cur endows the film with colorimetric pH indication ability and increases the film antioxidant activity. The DPPH scavenging rates of film including Pickering emulsion and Cur maintain above 44% after 60-day storage, and its UV-barrier property increases by 65.5% at 400 nm compared with those of GC film. These results exhibit promising potential application of the prepared film in pork preservation and the visual pork freshness indicator by the film color changes. Thus, this work provides an attractive universal strategy to construct active and smart biomass composite film for meat packaging application.
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•Cinnamon oil (CNO) is loaded into cellulose nanofiber-stabilized Pickering emulsion.•Active and smart biomass film owning CNO emulsion and curcumin (Cur) is prepared.•CNO promotes the water barrier property and antimicrobial activity of film.•Cur augments film antioxidant activity and endows film with pH indication ability.•Biomass film shows great potential for meat preservation and freshness indicator.
The main goal of this work is the encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil in cyclodextrin nanosponges and the assessment of their antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens. After nanosponge ...synthesis, a headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method was validated to quantify essential oil major compounds. Results showed that essential oil was successfully encapsulated in cyclodextrin nanosponges with α-NS and β-NS being able to encapsulate higher essential oil amounts. Cinnamon essential oil, alone and encapsulated in nanosponges, proved to have antimicrobial activity against foodborne bacteria. Time-kill assays proved that the essential oil, alone or encapsulated, had a bacteriostatic effect against all bacteria tested, with the exception of Y. enterocolitica where a bactericidal action was observed. Furthermore, the controlled release achieved by its encapsulation, allowed cinnamon essential oil to be effective at a much lower concentration in culture medium than when solely dissolved in culture medium. Thus, the results described herein encourage the use of cyclodextrin nanosponges as encapsulating agents for active food packaging applications.
•α-, β-, HP-β-CD-NS and LC were able to encapsulate and release CEO.•α-NS and β-NS encapsulated around 80 μg of cinnamaldehyde/mg of NS.•Loaded CD-NS showed an antibacterial action against foodborne pathogens.•CD-NS can promote a controlled release of the quantified volatile compounds.
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•Natural bio-based and active zein films were prepared successfully.•Uniform distribution of CNPs within the zein matrix was demonstrated by SEM.•CEO + CNPs improved the tensile ...strength and decreased the elongation of zein films.•Antimicrobial activity of zein composites were tested against E. coli and S. aureus.•Zein films loaded with CEO and CNPs can be promising natural packaging materials.
Natural bio-based zein films were prepared by incorporating cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) at 2% and 4% (w/w) amounts, respectively, in order to provide mechanical and antimicrobial functionalities. The physical, mechanical, structural and antibacterial properties of the enriched zein films were also scrutinized. The results showed that the combination of CEO-CNPs significantly improves the tensile strength and decreases the elongation of zein film composite. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, zein film experienced more crystallinity in the presence of CNPs and also combination of CNPs-CEO. Nano-scale size of CNPs and their uniform distribution within the zein film were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and proved by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial properties were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, observing that their growth was considerably inhibited by addition of CEO alone and in combination with CNPs in zein films, while CNPs-loaded zein film had no significant effect on the growth of microorganisms. Thus, it can be concluded that the reinforced zein based composites could be suggested as potential degradable film-forming materials for food packaging applications.
Direct application of active and volatile compounds of essential oils (EOs) is ineffective in food and uncontrolled release of these compounds may be undesirable from sensory and antimicrobial ...efficacy standpoints. The present study aimed to develop and characterize the physical and antimicrobial properties of casting composite chitosan (CS) thin films laminated with electrospun nonwovens loaded with Zataria multiflora (ZEO) and cinnamon (CEO) targeting for active food packaging purposes. The composite structures were incorporated with various amounts of ZEO and CEO blend to enhance their antimicrobial and physical properties. There was no significant difference between antibacterial activity of the films containing EOs in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (P˂0.05). All the films had antifungal activity against A.flavus. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the composite CS film (97.20%) in comparison to other films (P˂0.05). Morphological analysis of bilayer films revealed homogeneous bead-free electrospun nanofibers with diameters of less than 200 nm. The addition of 0.5 %v/v CEO significantly enhanced the elongation in comparison to CS film (P˂0.05). Our results demonstrated that the properties of bilayer films were influenced by the contents of EOs and these findings may pave a way for introducing new category of active packaging staffs.
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•Bilayer films were produced by mixture of casting and electrospinning methods.•Laminate films containing 1 %v/v ZEO decreased the light transmittance.•Addition of 0.25 %v/v CEO enhanced the hydrophobicity of the films.•Bilayer films with nonwovens could be new approach for active food packaging.
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•Chitosan/gelatin-based bioactive film was fabricated incorporated with CEO and rutin.•The film showed a significant UV-light barrier property with high transparency.•The mechanical ...properties of the film were improved.•The film also showed high antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Chitosan/gelatin-based functional films were fabricated by incorporating cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and rutin for active packaging application. The functional fillers were evenly distributed in the polymer matrix and formed a film compatible with the chitosan/gelatin polymer matrix. However, the functional material did not affect the physical properties such as mechanical, thermal, and water vapor barrier properties of the film but exhibited high light transmittance with enhanced UV blocking properties. The rutin release from the composite film was evaluated using various food simulant solutions and found that rutin was released faster in acidic and alcoholic solutions. The chitosan/gelatin-based composite film showed potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In addition, the combined use of CEO and rutin showed a synergistic effect of functional properties. The CEO and rutin-added chitosan/gelatin-based films with improved physical and functional properties can be used for active food packaging applications.
The aim of this study was to prepare stable shellac nanoparticles containing a cinnamon bark extract using xanthan gum by anti-solvent precipitation. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of ...their gastric pH stability, surface charge, particle size and morphology. The effect of the cinnamon extract loading on the properties of the nanoparticles, including the encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant properties, were also investigated. Ultimately, the release behaviour and the thermal stability of the nanoparticles were established. The results showed that xanthan gum can stabilise shellac nanoparticles at gastric pH by electro-steric stabilisation. The morphological analysis of the nanoparticles by Cryo-SEM showed that spherical particles with a smooth outer surface were formed. A decrease in encapsulation efficiency was observed when a higher level of cinnamon extract loading was used. The bioparticles fortified with cinnamon extract exhibited antioxidant activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power at the level of 185 mg tannic acid equivalent and of 127 mM ascorbic acid equivalent per gram dry weight of nanoparticles, respectively. From the release study, it was shown that more than 90% of cinnamon polyphenol was released at the intestinal pH. Nanoencapsulation effectively improved the thermal stability of the polyphenol-rich cinnamon extract. The polyphenol retention after heat treatment (90 °C, 20 min) was still higher than 90%. This study presents the formulation of cinnamon extract containing nanoparticles, which may be applicable in the food industry as a prospective antioxidant agent.
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•Xanthan gum-shellac nanoparticles were fabricated using antisolvent method.•Xanthan gum increased stability of shellac nanoparticles at gastric pH.•Cinnamon bark extract containing polyphenols was encapsulated.•The content of the nanoparticles was released at simulated intestinal pH.
Natural products such as domestic herbal drugs which are easily accessible and cost-effective can be used as a complementary treatment in mild and moderate COVID-19 cases. This study aimed to detect ...and describe the efficiency of phenolics detected in the galangal–cinnamon mixture in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2’s different protein targets. The potential antiviral effect of galangal–cinnamon aqueous extract (GCAE) against Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E was assessed using cytopathic effect inhibition assay and the crystal violet method. Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E was used as it is safer for in vitro laboratory experimentation and due to the conformation and the binding pockets similarity between HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 Msup.Pro . The GCAE showed a significant antiviral effect against HCoV-229E (ICsub.50 15.083 µg/mL). Twelve phenolic compounds were detected in the extract with ellagic, cinnamic, and gallic acids being the major identified phenolic acids, while rutin was the major identified flavonoid glycoside. Quantum-chemical calculations were made to find molecular properties using the DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. Quantum-chemical values such as EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, ionization potential, chemical hardness, softness, and electronegativity values were calculated and discussed. Phenolic compounds detected by HPLC-DAD-UV in the GCAE were docked into the active site of 3 HCoV-229E targets (PDB IDs. 2ZU2, 6U7G, 7VN9, and 6WTT) to find the potential inhibitors that block the Coronavirus infection pathways from quantum and docking data for these compounds. There are good adaptations between the theoretical and experimental results showing that rutin has the highest activity against Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E in the GCAE extract.
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