The article analyzes the available scientific and methodological literature about training in the discipline of speed climbing. The speed climbing wall is described. It is divided into three parts ...with different characteristics, to clarify the specifics of the competitive distance. The physiological characteristics of competitive activity in speed climbing were studied.
The study modelled the influence of anthropometric components, climbing-specific power, strength and endurance parameters, flexibility, coordination, and motor planning skills on competitive climbing ...performance in speed, bouldering, and lead climbing. Sixty-one competitive climbers (26 women 18.1 ± 1.9y, 35 men 21.4 ± 6.1y) participated. PCA and MRA were used for statistical analyses. Significant predictors for speed climbing performance (R
2
= 44% and 35%) were lower (ß = .43 and .47) and upper body power and strength (ß = .40 and .37) for women and men, respectively. For women's bouldering performance (R
2
= 39%), they were hip flexibility (ß = .42) and upper body power and strength (ß = .37), for the men's (R
2
= 53%) lower (ß = .41) and upper body power (ß = .41) and body fat (ß = .37). For women's lead climbing (R
2
= 58%) upper body power and strength (ß = .59) and finger endurance (ß = .48) predict performance, for the men's (R
2
= 58%) lower (ß = .36) and upper body power (ß = .28), body fat (ß = .27) and motor planning skills (ß = .27). The multivariate models provide a framework for scientifically grounded climbing training by emphasizing the role of specific performance components.
This study was carried out to determine the effect of climbing training on the physical parameters of the athletes. The research group consists of 16 male volunteer athletes actively continuing in ...the climbing branch. A training program for climbing of 80 minutes a day, four days a week for ten weeks, was applied to the athletes in the research group. The research group consists of 16 male volunteer athletes with an average age of 14.82 who continue actively in the climbing branch. A training program for climbing of 80 minutes a day, four days a week for ten weeks, was applied to the athletes in the research group. Height, body weight, leg strength, hand grip strength, vertical jump, speed, flexibility and agility values of the research group were measured at the beginning and end of the training. SPSS statistical package program was used in the analysis of the data. The significance level was accepted as p>0.05. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was a statistical difference in the physical parameters of climbing players, such as leg strength, hand grip strength, vertical jump, flexibility, agility and ten meters (p<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference at the twenty-meter value (p). >0.05). As a result, it has been seen that climbing training positively affects the physical parameters of the athletes. In this context, we believe that regular training will improve the performance of the athletes.
High-rise tasks such as cleaning, painting, inspection, and maintenance on walls of large buildings or other structures require robots with climbing and manipulating skills. Motivated by these ...potential applications and inspired by the climbing motion of inchworms, we have developed a biped wall-climbing robot-W-Climbot. Built with a modular approach, the robot consists of five joint modules connected in series and two suction modules mounted at the two ends. With this configuration and biped climbing mode, W-Climbot not only has superior mobility on smooth walls, but also has the function of attaching to and manipulating objects equivalent to a "mobile manipulator." In this paper, we address several fundamental issues with this novel wall-climbing robot, including system development, analysis of suction force, basic climbing gaits, overcoming obstacles, and transiting among walls. A series of comprehensive and challenging experiments with the robot climbing on walls and performing a manipulation task have been conducted to demonstrate its superior climbing ability and manipulation function. The analytical and experimental results have shown that W-Climbot represents a significant advancement in the development of wall-climbing robots.
Climbers germinate on the ground but need external support to sustain their stems, which are maintained attached to supports through modified organs, that is, climbing mechanisms. Specialized ...climbing mechanisms have been linked to higher diversification rates. Also, different mechanisms may have different support diameter restrictions, which might influence climbers' spatial distribution. We test these assumptions by linking climbing mechanisms to the spatiotemporal diversification of neotropical climbers. A dataset of climbing mechanisms is presented for 9071 species. WCVP was used to standardize species names, map geographical distributions, and estimate diversification rates of lineages with different mechanisms. Twiners appear concentrated in the Dry Diagonal of South America and climbers with adhesive roots in the Chocó region and Central America. However, climbing mechanisms do not significantly influence the distribution of neotropical climbers. Also, we found no strong support for correlations between specialized climbing mechanisms and higher diversification rates. Climbing mechanisms do not strongly impact the spatiotemporal diversification of neotropical climbers on a macroevolutionary scale. We argue that the climbing habit is a synnovation, meaning the spatiotemporal diversification it promotes is due to the sum effect of all the habit's traits rather than isolated traits, such as climbing mechanisms.
Objectives Identify patterns of change in species distributions, diversity, concentrations of evolutionary history, and assembly of Australian rainforests. Methods We used the distribution records of ...all known rainforest woody species in Australia across their full continental extent. These were analysed using measures of species richness, phylogenetic diversity (PD), phylogenetic endemism (PE) and phylogenetic structure (net relatedness index; NRI). Phylogenetic structure was assessed using both continental and regional species pools. To test the influence of growth-form, freestanding and climbing plants were analysed independently, and in combination. Results Species richness decreased along two generally orthogonal continental axes, corresponding with wet to seasonally dry and tropical to temperate habitats. The PE analyses identified four main areas of substantially restricted phylogenetic diversity, including parts of Cape York, Wet Tropics, Border Ranges, and Tasmania. The continental pool NRI results showed evenness (species less related than expected by chance) in groups of grid cells in coastally aligned areas of species rich tropical and sub-tropical rainforest, and in low diversity moist forest areas in the south-east of the Great Dividing Range and in Tasmania. Monsoon and drier vine forests, and moist forests inland from upland refugia showed phylogenetic clustering, reflecting lower diversity and more relatedness. Signals for evenness in Tasmania and clustering in northern monsoon forests weakened in analyses using regional species pools. For climbing plants, values for NRI by grid cell showed strong spatial structuring, with high diversity and PE concentrated in moist tropical and subtropical regions. Conclusions/Significance Concentrations of rainforest evolutionary history (phylo-diversity) were patchily distributed within a continuum of species distributions. Contrasting with previous concepts of rainforest community distribution, our findings of continuous distributions and continental connectivity have significant implications for interpreting rainforest evolutionary history and current day ecological processes, and for managing rainforest diversity in changing circumstances.
In lead climbing, the ascent of the route can be defined as on-sight or red-point. On-sight is the more challenging style since it demands greater physiological and psychological commitment. The ...differences between the two modes in advanced climbers have not been studied much. Two essential skills needed to optimize performance, in both on-sight and in red-point climbing, are route interpretation (RI) ability and movements sequence recall. Therefore, this study aimed to compare performance between on-sight and red-point ascent in advanced climbers and evaluate how a climber's RI ability and movement sequences recall might change before and after on-sight and red-point climbing.
Eighteen advanced male climbers (age 29.2 ± 4.7 years, body mass 67.8 ± 3.6 kg, stature 175.2 ± 2.4 cm, best red-point and on-sight grades 7b+/8a and 7a+/7b+, respectively) were video-recorded during the route ascent in on-sight and red-point modes to evaluate performance and to measure static and dynamic action times. RI ability and movement sequence recall were assessed before and after each climb. Level of anxiety was evaluated via a self-report questionnaire. Heart rate (
), lactate concentration, (La
), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were detected during and after each climb.
Compared to on-sight, an improvement in performance was observed in a red-point climb: the ascent was faster (148.7 ± 13.6 s and 179.5 ± 12.5 s, respectively,
< 0.05), smoother (significant reduction in exploratory moves and in stops times,
< 0.05), less demanding physiologically (lower
and La
,
< 0.05), and psychologically (lower RPE, cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher self-confidence,
< 0.05). The RI ability was improved in red-point versus on-sight and, in the same mode, between pre and post ascent.
Red-point climbing was found to be less demanding than on-sight, both physiologically and psychologically, under the conditions investigated by this study. Our findings suggest that RI is a trainable skill and underscore the importance of including specific techniques in training programs designed to improve interaction between perceptual, psychological, and physiological factors.
RHex‐style hexapod robot is a type of legged robot which can perform multiple moving gaits according to different applications, due to its simple structure and strong mobility. However, traversing ...high obstacles has always been a big challenge for legged robots. In this paper, gait optimization of a hexapod robot is proposed for climbing steps at different heights, which even enables the robot to climb the step 3.9 times of the leg length. First, a previous step‐climbing gait is optimized by adjusting body inclination when placing front legs on top of the step, which enables RHex with different sizes to perform the rising stage of the gait. Second, to improve the climbing heights, a novel quasi‐static climbing gait is proposed by using the reversed claw‐shape legs to reach the higher step. The nondeformable legs are used to raise the center of mass (COM) of the body by lifting the front and rear legs alternately so that the front legs can reach the top of the step, then the front and middle legs are lifted alternately to maneuver COM up onto the step. The simulations and dynamic analysis of climbing steps are utilized to verify the feasibility of the improved gait. Finally, the step‐climbing experiments at different heights are performed with the optimized gaits to compare with the existing gaits. The results of simulations and experiments show the superiority of the proposed gaits due to climbing higher steps.
Rapid urbanisation causes large urban conversions of natural and agricultural land to non-agricultural use. Research on urban expansion has typically disregarded gradient characteristics. The current ...study uses slope data calculated based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model data set and multi-period land cover data derived from China's Multi-Period Land Use Land Cover Remote Sensing Monitoring data set to reveal the evolution of spatiotemporal patterns of vertical urban expansion in China from 1990 to 2015. A built-up land climbing index is specifically defined to measure the increasing use of land with slopes. A slope-climbing phenomenon has become increasingly apparent over time. Although built-up land with slopes below 5° accounts for over 85% of the total, this proportion has declined steadily from 89.53% in 1990 to 86.61% in 2015. The number of cities where built-up land was developed on high slopes (over 5°) increased from 150 to 238. Slope-climbing intensity spatially increased from north to south, and showed a “low–high–low” pattern from west to east. In addition, built-up land showed evident slope-climbing trend in areas with high variation in slope. Slope-climbing intensity was high for cities located in mountains and ethnic autonomous prefectures. Lastly, cities going uphill are subjected to the combined effects of natural environmental conditions and social factors. The average slope and population growth have significantly positive impact on slope-climbing intensity.
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•Unveil the vertical urban expansion in China during the period of 1990–2015•Measure the slope-climbing intensity by built-up land climbing index•Cities going uphill are subjected to the combined effects of natural environmental conditions and social factors.
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