...many of these tasks are robust in that the effects are easy to obtain in a variety of circumstances. ...because these tasks are laboratory based and center on experimenter-controlled ...manipulations, they often have a high degree of internal validity. ...the claim that they index a particular process is made prima facie and without recourse to experimental logic. The table of individual task scores is treated as a multivariate distribution, and the covariation of this distribution ( Panel C) is decomposed into meaningful sources of variation through latent variable models (Panel D; e.g., Bollen 1989; Skrondal and Rabe-Hesketh 2004). ...effects in inhibition tasks (as opposed to measures) show low correlations (Rey-Mermet et al., 2018). Researchers do not observe these true scores; instead they analyze difference scores from noisy trial data with the tabulation shown in Fig. 1. Figure 2B shows the scatterplot of these observed difference scores (or observed effects). Because these observed effects reflect trial noise, the correlation is attenuated.
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