Highway design which ensures that successive elements are coordinated in such a way as to produce harmonious and homogeneous driver performances along the road is considered consistent and safe. On ...the other hand, an alignment which requires drivers to handle high speed gradients and does not meet drivers' expectancy is considered inconsistent and produces higher crash frequency. To increase the usefulness and the reliability of existing safety performance functions and contribute to solve inconsistencies of existing highways as well as inconsistencies arising in the design phase, we developed safety performance functions for rural motorways that incorporate design consistency measures. Since the design consistency variables were used only for curves, two different sets of models were fitted for tangents and curves. Models for the following crash characteristics were fitted: total, single-vehicle run-off-the-road, other single vehicle, multi vehicle, daytime, nighttime, non-rainy weather, rainy weather, dry pavement, wet pavement, property damage only, slight injury, and severe injury (including fatal). The design consistency parameters in this study are based on operating speed models developed through an instrumented vehicle equipped with a GPS continuous speed tracking from a field experiment conducted on the same motorway where the safety performance functions were fitted (motorway A16 in Italy). Study results show that geometric design consistency has a significant effect on safety of rural motorways. Previous studies on the relationship between geometric design consistency and crash frequency focused on two-lane rural highways since these highways have the higher crash rates and are generally characterized by considerable inconsistencies. Our study clearly highlights that the achievement of proper geometric design consistency is a key design element also on motorways because of the safety consequences of design inconsistencies. The design consistency measures which are significant explanatory variables of the safety performance functions developed in this study are: (1) consistency in driving dynamics, i.e., difference between side friction assumed with respect to the design speed and side friction demanded at the 85th percentile speed; (2) operating speed consistency, i.e., absolute value of the 85th percentile speed reduction through successive elements of the road; (3) inertial speed consistency, i.e., difference between the operating speed in the curve and the average operating speed along the 5 km preceding the beginning of the curve; and (4) length of tangent preceding the curve (only for run-off-the-road crashes).
The target of cross-modal hashing is to embed heterogeneous multimedia data into a common low-dimensional Hamming space, which plays a pivotal part in multimedia retrieval due to the emergence of big ...multimodal data. Recently, matrix factorization has achieved great success in cross-modal hashing. However, how to effectively use label information and local geometric structure is still a challenging problem for these approaches. To address this issue, we propose a cross-modal hashing method based on collective matrix factorization, which considers both the label consistency across different modalities and the local geometric consistency in each modality. These two elements are formulated as a graph Laplacian term in the objective function, leading to a substantial improvement on the discriminative power of latent semantic features obtained by collective matrix factorization. Moreover, the proposed method learns unified hash codes for different modalities of an instance to facilitate cross-modal search, and the objective function is solved using an iterative strategy. The experimental results on two benchmark data sets show the effectiveness of the proposed method and its superiority over state-of-the-art cross-modal hashing methods.
Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) are used to deal with situations in which the decision makers (DMs) think of several possible linguistic values or richer expressions than a single term ...for an indicator, alternative, variable, etc. Compared with fuzzy linguistic approaches, they are more convenient and flexible to reflect the DMs' preferences in decision making. For further applications of HFLTSs to decision making, we develop a concept of hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relations (HFLPRs) as a tool to collect and present the DMs' preferences. Due to the importance of the consistency measures using preference relations in decision making, we develop some consistency measures for HFLPRs to ensure that the DMs are being neither random nor illogical. A consistency index is defined to establish the consistency thresholds of HFLPRs to measure whether an HFLPR is of acceptable consistency. For HFLPRs with unacceptable consistency, we develop two optimization methods to improve the consistency until they are acceptable. Several illustrative examples are given to validate the consistency measures and the optimization methods.
•This study establishes thresholds for the consistency ratios used in BWM.•An input-based consistency measurement is proposed to locate the inconsistency.•An ordinal consistency ratio is developed to ...show the ordinal violation level.•Some desirable properties of the proposed consistency measurements are illustrated.•The algorithm for obtaining the thresholds is provided.
The Best-Worst Method (BWM) uses ratios of the relative importance of criteria in pairs based on the assessment done by decision-makers. When a decision-maker provides the pairwise comparisons in BWM, checking the acceptable inconsistency, to ensure the rationality of the assessments, is an important step. Although both the original and the extended versions of BWM have proposed several consistency measurements, there are some deficiencies, including: (i) the lack of a mechanism to provide immediate feedback to the decision-maker regarding the consistency of the pairwise comparisons being provided, (ii) the inability to consider the ordinal consistency into account, and (iii) the lack of consistency thresholds to determine the reliability of the results. To deal with these problems, this study starts by proposing a cardinal consistency measurement to provide immediate feedback, called the input-based consistency measurement, after which an ordinal consistency measurement is proposed to check the coherence of the order of the results (weights) against the order of the pairwise comparisons provided by the decision-maker. Finally, a method is proposed to balance cardinal consistency ratio under ordinal-consistent and ordinal-inconsistent conditions, to determine the thresholds for the proposed and the original consistency ratios.
CONSISTENT PROBABILISTIC SOCIAL CHOICE Brandl, Florian; Brandt, Felix; Seedig, Hans Georg
Econometrica,
September 2016, Letnik:
84, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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Two fundamental axioms in social choice theory are consistency with respect to a variable electorate and consistency with respect to components of similar alternatives. In the context of traditional ...non-probabilistic social choice, these axioms are incompatible with each other. We show that in the context of probabilistic social choice, these axioms uniquely characterize a function proposed by Fishburn (1984). Fishburn's function returns so-called maximal lotteries, that is, lotteries that correspond to optimal mixed strategies in the symmetric zero-sum game induced by the pairwise majority margins. Maximal lotteries are guaranteed to exist due to von Neumann's Minimax Theorem, are almost always unique, and can be efficiently computed using linear programming.
In this paper, we present a new method for group decision making using incomplete fuzzy preference relations based on the additive consistency and the order consistency with consistency degrees to ...overcome the drawbacks of Lee’s method 15, where Lee’s method cannot obtain the correct preference order of alternatives in some situations. First, we estimate unknown preference values of incomplete fuzzy preference relations based on the additive consistency. Then, we construct modified consistency matrices of experts which satisfy the additive consistency and the order consistency simultaneously. We also prove some properties of the constructed modified consistency matrices. Finally, based on the constructed modified consistency matrices of experts, we present a new method for group decision making. The proposed method provides us with a useful way for group decision making using incomplete fuzzy preference relations based on the additive consistency and the order consistency with consistency degrees.
The concept of hesitant fuzzy preference relation (HFPR) has been recently introduced to allow the decision makers (DMs) to provide several possible preference values over two alternatives. This ...paper introduces a new type of fuzzy preference structure, called incomplete HFPRs, to describe hesitant and incomplete evaluation information in the group decision making (GDM) process. Furthermore, we define the concept of multiplicative consistency incomplete HFPR and additive consistency incomplete HFPR, and then propose two goal programming models to derive the priority weights from an incomplete HFPR based on multiplicative consistency and additive consistency respectively. These two goal programming models are also extended to obtain the collective priority vector of several incomplete HFPRs. Finally, a numerical example and a practical application in strategy initiatives are provided to illustrate the validity and applicability of the proposed models.
The compositions of traditional Chinese medicines are extremely complex,as a result, exploring consistent quality is demanded and challenging. Quality consistency of products obtained from the same ...manufacturer has received little attention. The strategy of quality consistency evaluation (QCE) has been proposed as a novel method for quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine Patent Prescription (TCMPP). This study aimed to establish a comprehensive QCE strategy for Compound Danshen Tablet (CDT). High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detector and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry were separately applied to determinate the content of seven and two index components, which representing the quality actuality of different raw medicines. The dissolution test was designed to obtain the dissolution ratios of CDT samples. QCE can provide the intra–batch content consistency difference (PA), inter–batch content consistency difference (PB), and dissolution ratio consistency difference (PR) values. The consistency of CDT samples from 15 different manufacturers (75 batches) was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), which showed that the total content (nine index components) of the 75 batches of samples obtained from 15 manufacturers ranged from 22.11 to 38.45 mg·tablet−1. The dissolution ratios ranged from 74.8% to 116.4%. The PA values of 15 manufacturers ranged from 2.4% to 12.2%, and the PB (11.1–45.1%) values were higher than the PA values. The PR values reflecting the various dissolution ratios in vitro ranged from 8.1% to 57.5%. The three consistency factors were ranked by PCA, and products of the 15 manufacturers were classified into three categories. The PA, PB, and PR values provided a comprehensive and effective approach for monitoring the quality consistency of CDT and can serve as an example of QCE for other TCMPP.
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•A novel quality consistency evaluation strategy was proposed and applied.•Comprehensive quantitation was established to reflect raw materials.•Dissolution test was built and performed to distinguish the release in vitro.•The consistency difference values of samples were calculated and classified.
In this paper, we propose a novel deep generative approach to cross-modal retrieval to learn hash functions in the absence of paired training samples through the cycle consistency loss. Our proposed ...approach employs adversarial training scheme to learn a couple of hash functions enabling translation between modalities while assuming the underlying semantic relationship. To induce the hash codes with semantics to the input-output pair, cycle consistency loss is further delved into the adversarial training to strengthen the correlation between the inputs and corresponding outputs. Our approach is generative to learn hash functions, such that the learned hash codes can maximally correlate each input-output correspondence and also regenerate the inputs so as to minimize the information loss. The learning to hash embedding is thus performed to jointly optimize the parameters of the hash functions across modalities as well as the associated generative models. Extensive experiments on a variety of large-scale cross-modal data sets demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the state of the arts.
•We review additive consistency measurements of various reciprocal preference relations.•We review decision making methods based on additive consistency measurements.•We propose some open problems on ...consistency of reciprocal preference relations.
The reciprocal preference relation (RPR) is a powerful tool to represent decision makers’ preferences in decision making problems. In recent years, various types of RPRs have been reported and investigated, some of them being the ‘classical’ RPRs, interval-valued RPRs and hesitant RPRs. Additive consistency is one of the most commonly used property to measure the consistency of RPRs, with many methods developed to manage additive consistency of RPRs. To provide a clear perspective on additive consistency issues of RPRs, this paper reviews the consistency measurements of the different types of RPRs. Then, consistency-driven decision making and information fusion methods are also reviewed and classified into four main types: consistency improving methods; consistency-based methods to manage incomplete RPRs; consistency control in consensus decision making methods; and consistency-driven linguistic decision making methods. Finally, with respect to insights gained from prior researches, further directions for the research are proposed.
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