Display omitted
•AD character of food waste (FW) with different crude fat contents was evaluated.•FW with 30% crude fat (CF) with 4gVS/L achieved the maximum methane yield.•At loading of 8 and ...10gVS/L, 35% CF content inhibited methane production.•The λ was extended with the CF contents and substrate concentrations increased.•35% CF decreased the first-order degradation constant by approximately 40%.
The mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) characteristics of food waste (FW) with different crude fat (CF) contents and four initial substrate concentrations (4, 6, 8, and 10gVS/L) were investigated. The maximum methane yields of FW with CF contents of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% were 565.0, 580.2, 606.0, 630.2 and 573.0mLCH4/gVSadded, respectively. An acidification trend with a drop in pH (<6.80) and increase in the volatile fatty acids/total inorganic carbon (VFAs/TIC) ratio (>0.4) were found for CF contents of 30% (10gVS/L) and 35% (8 and 10gVS/L). A 35% CF content in FW led to decrease in the first-order degradation constant of approximately by 40%. The modified Gompertz model showed that the lag phase (λ) was prolonged from 0.4 to 7.1days when the CF content in FW and initial substrate concentration were increased to 35% and 10gVS/L.
Peanut is an important oil and cash crop in China. We selected 540 peanut cultivars—released in three ecological regions of China (Yellow River, Yangtze River and Southeast Coast regions)—to examine ...changes in quality characters and pod yield in the last 60 years. From 1957 to 2016, crude fat, protein and pod yields in peanut cultivars increased significantly in the three regions. In contrast, the crude fat content, as opposed to its yield, did not change in the Yellow River region, increased in the Yangtze River region and decreased in the Southeast Coast region, and the protein content decreased in the Yellow and Yangtze River regions but did not change in the Southeast Coast region. Peanut cultivars grown in the Yellow and Yangtze River regions had higher mean crude fat contents, while those in the Southeast Coast region had higher mean protein contents. In future, breeders and farmers should pay more attention to high protein peanuts in the Southeast Coast region and high oil peanuts in the Yellow River and Yangtze River regions.
► Three methods were used for determining fat classes and content in bakery products. ► Fat content determined by the AOAC 996.06 was lower than that determined by the Folch or automated Soxhlet ...methods. ► We found that the analytical fat determination method in food depends on how fat is defined. ► Fat determination method produces differences in fat content and fat classes.
The definition of fat differs in different countries; thus whether fat is listed on food labels depends on the country. Some countries list crude fat content in the ‘Fat’ section on the food label, whereas other countries list total fat. In this study, three methods were used for determining fat classes and content in bakery products: the Folch method, the automated Soxhlet method, and the AOAC 996.06 method. The results using these methods were compared. Fat (crude) extracted by the Folch and Soxhlet methods was gravimetrically determined and assessed by fat class using capillary gas chromatography (GC). In most samples, fat (total) content determined by the AOAC 996.06 method was lower than the fat (crude) content determined by the Folch or automated Soxhlet methods. Furthermore, monounsaturated fat or saturated fat content determined by the AOAC 996.06 method was lowest. Almost no difference was observed between fat (crude) content determined by the Folch method and that determined by the automated Soxhlet method for nearly all samples. In three samples (wheat biscuits, butter cookies-1, and chocolate chip cookies), monounsaturated fat, saturated fat, and trans fat content obtained by the automated Soxhlet method was higher than that obtained by the Folch method. The polyunsaturated fat content obtained by the automated Soxhlet method was not higher than that obtained by the Folch method in any sample.
Salted grass carp fillets were dried by hot air drying (HD, at 35 and 45°C) and vacuum microwave drying (VMD, at 1, 4, and 7 W/g) to a final moisture content. Compared with hot air drying, the vacuum ...microwave drying greatly reduced drying time. The rehydration rate constant of salted grass carp fillets dried by microwave vacuum drying at 7-W/g microwave intensity was significantly higher than that of the hot air drying at 35 and 45°C. Compared with hot air drying, the vacuum microwave dried samples had a higher crude fat content (dry basis). The lightness of the samples dried by vacuum microwave drying was higher, and the yellowness was lower than those dried by hot air drying. The drying methods had no significant effect on the hardness and springiness.
Fat content is a concern for the enhancement of rice for eating, cooking, and storage qualities. To clarify its genetic mechanism, a double haploid (DH) population derived from anther hybrid F₁ of ...Zhenshan 97B (indica) and Wuyujing 2 (japonica) and two backcross F₁ (BCF₁) populations, which came from the DH lines backcrossing to two parents, were used to scan quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and dissect gene effects for the crude fat content (CFC) in brown rice. Fourteen QTLs were resolved, distributing on chromosomes 1, 3, and 5-9. Three loci were detected repeatedly in two populations, DH or BCF₁. Among these loci, a major QTL, qCFC5, flanking markers RM87 and RM334, was located on chromosome 5, which was detected simultaneously among three populations. The main QTLs had a major role in controlling CFC in brown rice and were modified by several mini-effect QTLs and epistatic affection.
In order to examine mechanisms of inter-annual variability in age-aggregated biomass of Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the waters off northern Japan, which has been declining in recent years, we ...measured crude fat content in flesh (Fc), body (knob) length (B1) and body weight of 796 individuals of large-sized (age-1) Pacific saury captured from the waters off northern Japan from September to December during 2012–2017. Statistically significant negative and positive correlations were detected between capture date (Cd, number of days elapsed from January 1st in each year) and Fc, and between B1 and Fc, respectively. The best multiple regression model in terms of AIC, with Fc as a response variable and Cd, B1, and year as explanatory variables, indicated that effects of year-specific intercept, Cd, B1 and an interaction between Cd and year were statistically significant. Year-specific intercept, representing Fc level, indicated statistically significant positive correlations with Japanese annual catch and standardized CPUE of Pacific saury. The cause (s) of this phenomena were explored mainly by using survey-derived biomass in the high seas during June–July and age-1 fish ratio in estimated stock abundance, and oceanographic conditions off the southeastern coast of Hokkaido Island. As a result, we proposed a hypothesis that Fc level in August affects timing and location of the start of southward migration and subsequent migration routes of age-1 Pacific saury. We also discussed potential areas where fat is accumulated during the northward migration from May to August.
In order to elucidate factors affecting seasonal and interannual variability in crude fat content (Fc) and condition factor (Cf) of the Pacific stock of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, we examined ...Fc and Cf in relation to fork length (Fl), capture date (Cd, number of days elapsed from January 1st in each year) and year. We measured Fc, Fl and body weight of 2,085 individuals of chub mackerel (21–42 cm Fl) captured by purse seine fleets from waters off northeastern Japan during 2012–2017. Fc and Cf were high from September to January, and slightly decreased in February. During March–August, when sample size was small, Fc was lower than in February, and Cf level was close to that in February. Non-linear relationships were detected between Cf and Fc, between Fl and Fc, and between Fl and Cf. The best GAM model in terms of AIC, with Fc or Cf as a response variable, and year (categorical variable), Cd and Fl (spline functions regardless of their independent or simultaneous usages) as explanatory variables, effects of year were statistically significant. Potential causes of strong positive effects of 2016 and 2017 on Fc were discussed.
PDF
