In 1975, M.R. Kurkrit Pramoj met Mao Zedong, marking the
eventual establishment of diplomatic relations and a discursive
rupture with the previous narrative of Communist powers as an
existential ...threat. This book critically interrogates the birth of
bamboo (bending with the wind) diplomacy and the politics of Thai
détente with Russia and China in the long 1970s (1968-80).
By 1968, Thailand was encountering discursive anxiety amid the
prospect of American retrenchment from the Indo-Pacific region. As
such, Thailand developed a new discourse of détente to make sense
of the rapidly changing world politics and replace the hegemonic
discourse of anticommunism. By doing so, it created a political
struggle between the old and new discourses.
Jittipat Poonkham also argues that bamboo diplomacy - previously
seen as a classic and continual 'tradition' of Thai-style diplomacy
- had its origins in Thai détente and has become the metanarrative
of Thai diplomacy since then. Based on a genealogical approach and
multi‑archival research, this book examines three key episodes of
Thai détente: Thanat Khoman (1968-71), M.R. Kukrit Pramoj
(1975-76), and General Kriangsak Chomanan (1977-80). This
transformation was represented in numerous diplomatic/discursive
practices, such as ping‑pong diplomacy, petro‑diplomacy, trade and
cultural diplomacy, and normal visits.
Are the best international agreements products of mutual understanding? The conventional wisdom in economics, sociology, and political science is that accurate perceptions of others' interests, ...beliefs, and ideologies promote cooperation. Obstacles to international cooperation therefore emerge from misperception and misunderstanding. InConstructive Illusions, Eric Grynaviski challenges this conventional wisdom by arguing that when nations wrongly believe they share a mutual understanding, international cooperation is actually more likely, and more productive, than if they had a genuine understanding of each other's position.
Mutual understanding can lead to breakdowns in cooperation by revealing intractable conflicts of interest, identity, and ideology. Incorrectly assuming a mutual understanding exists, in contrast, can enhance cooperation by making actors confide that collaborative ventures are in both parties' best interest and that both parties have a reliable understanding of the terms of cooperation. Grynaviski shows how such constructive misunderstandings allowed for cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1972 and 1979.
During détente, the superpowers reached more than 150 agreements, established standing consultative committees, regularly held high-level summit meetings, and engaged in global crisis management. The turn from enmity to cooperation was so stark that many observers predicted a permanent end to the Cold War. Why did the superpowers move from confrontation to cooperation? Grynaviski's theory of the role of misunderstanding in cooperation provides an explanation that is significantly different from liberal institutionalist and constructivist approaches. This book's central claim is that states can form what French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing called "a superb agreement based on complete misunderstanding."
This paper aims to offer a general analysis of relations between Turkey and Russia since the late eighteenth century. rather than new or original information. It proposes a model of the relationship ...based on three broad patterns: (i) a multipolar system with shifting alliances (1798-1841): (ii) alliance within a bipolar system (1841-78 and 1952-91): (iii) phases of uncertain détente (1878-1914, 1921-39 and 1991 to the present). In discussing the most recent period, it concludes that the Russian invasion of the Ukraine and the continuing war raises serious doubts about the viability of current Turkish strategy.
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•Flash détente (FD) technique significantly increased the fruity aroma of wines.•Higher level of lactones and furanones was firstly reported in FD wines.•All seven acetates and most ...straight-chain ethyl esters were higher in FD wines.•FD wines had higher condensed tannin content for each degree of polymerization.•FD technique promoted the release of yeast-derived polysaccharides.
This study aimed to characterize the sensory profiles of wines produced using the flash détente (FD) technique and to identify the flavor compounds contributing to the sensory characteristics. The FD technique was applied to two major grape varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan, from the Changli region of China to produce high-quality wines with aging potential. Compared to the traditional macerated wines, the FD wines showed greater color intensity, mainly due to the higher levels of anthocyanins. Regarding the aroma characteristics, FD wines were found to have a more pronounced fruitness, especially fresh fruit note, which was due to the contribution of higher concentration of esters. Concurrently, FD wines showed an increased sweet note which was associated with increased lactones and furanones. In addition, FD wines exhibited reduced green and floral notes due to lower levels of C6 alcohols and C13-norisoprenoids. With regard to mouthfeel, FD wines presented greater astringency and bitterness, which was due to the higher levels of phenolics. The total concentration of condensed tannins and condensed tannins for each degree of polymerization was considerably higher in FD wines due to the strong extraction of the FD technique. A significant increase in grape-derived polysaccharides and glycerol was also found in FD wines, contributing to a fuller body. This study contributed to an increase in the knowledge of the Changli region and demonstrated that the FD technique could be applied to the wine production in this region to address the negative impacts of rainfall in individual vintages.
•Review of recent studies on use of ejector to recover expansion work is presented.•Recent advances made in modeling, control, and commercialization of ejectors.•Preferred ejector cycle depends on ...application and working fluid.•Energy efficiency improvements range between 5 and 20% depending on fluid.•System conditions, ejector design, and other components also affect improvement.
Previous reviews on ejectors for expansion work recovery have provided detailed discussions of operating characteristics and control of ejector cycles, zero-dimensional ejector modeling, ejector geometry effects, and alternate ejector cycles. However, important advances in the field of ejector technology have occurred since previous reviews were written. Several focuses of recent ejector research are the development of multi-dimensional CFD ejector models, investigation of alternate ejector cycles and uses of the work recovered by the ejector, implementation of effective control strategies for ejector cycles, and application of ejectors in real systems. The objective of this paper is to present a review of developments in the use of ejectors for expansion work recovery in vapor-compression systems focusing on the past several years. Although the first commercial applications are being introduced to the market, it is suggested that future works continue in these areas in order to make ejectors more suitable for additional applications.
This article analyses, the Socialist International's (SI) new international positioning strategies from a transnational perspective, through its relationship with the Chilean cause in the context of ...the Cold War
détente
. Focus will be placed on the SI's strong commitment to the Chilean democratic cause after the coup and its sustained activism during the military regime. Drawing from primary sources in various international archives, this article's main goal is to shed light on the SI's positioning regarding Latin America as a way to challenge the bipolar order.
Both temperature control and humidity control are important in buildings. However, usually only temperature is controlled in small and medium-sized buildings using direct expansion (DX) ...air-conditioning (A/C) systems, while dehumidification is a by-product of cooling, and indoor humidity is in an uncontrolled state. Weights-based fuzzy logic control algorithm (WBFLCA) is a novel fuzzy control algorithm that can be applied to DX A/C systems with good simultaneous temperature and humidity control performance. However, the setting of weight values for WBFLCA is still highly dependent on expert experience and lacks a systematic optimization theory, which hinders the application of WBFLCA. In order to establish a weights setting rule for WBFLCA used in DX A/C systems, a coupled control simulation model is built in this paper to simulate the effect of simultaneous control of temperature and humidity with all 16 basic weights distribution mode combinations. All the 16 combinations are also experimentally tested on an experimental DX A/C system to reveal the control performance of different combinations in a real system. Four of them with good control performance are found. The reasons why these four combinations are good are also analyzed in this paper. Based on the simulation and experimental results, the weights setting rule of WBFLCA applicable to the simultaneous temperature and humidity control of DX A/C systems are summarized. The approach proposed in this paper of finding appropriate pattern combinations from the basic weights distribution patterns has the potential to be applied to solve other decoupling control problems as well.
•The R744 multi-ejector system indicates COP improvements up to 7%.•The R744 multi-ejector system indicates exergy efficiency improvements up to 13.7.•The rack of parallel compressors should be ...adapted to use of the ejector pack.
A test facility for the experimental investigation of the R744 vapour compression rack equipped with a multi-ejector expansion work recovery module was designed and manufactured. A comparison of the R744 multi-ejector refrigeration system with the R744 parallel compression system at the same test facility was carried out based on the energy performance characteristics of refrigeration capacity, power consumption, COP, and exergy efficiency. Apart from the system performance comparison, the influence of the pressure level in the flash tank on the system performance for the two alternatives was analysed. The experimental results indicate COP and exergy efficiency improvements of the multi-ejector refrigeration system up to 7% and 13.7%, respectively. The highest values of COP and exergy efficiency were obtained by a multi-ejector refrigeration system with the tank pressure lift close to the maximum value possible to operate the multi-ejector expansion module. The values of the effective compressor efficiencies were significantly different, depending on the operation module (cooling load and heat rejection conditions).
After signing the Camp David Accords, the Carter administration pushed to increase American security cooperation and military presence in the Middle East. Though often seen as a response to the ...regional instability caused by the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the hardening of US policy toward the region was also due to the Arab rejectionist threat to the Egyptian-Israeli peace process that Washington saw as a prerequisite to regional stability. This essay highlights the connections between the peace process, the collapse of Soviet-American détente, and the reorientation of US policy in the region toward the Persian Gulf.
•A novel ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle is proposed, analyzed and optimized.•The system performance is assessed and compared for six refrigerants.•The proposed system yields its best ...performance with R1234ze refrigerant.•Proposed system performs 5.5–11% better than the standard ejector-expansion system.•Exergy efficiency of proposed system is 12.5–27.5% higher than the vapor compression system.
A novel ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle (EERC) is proposed, analyzed and optimized in this paper. Assuming a constant-pressure mixing model for ejector simulation, a detailed and comprehensive thermodynamic analysis, based on the first and second laws, is conducted and the system performance is investigated for six proper refrigerants. The proposed system is then optimized considering the exergy efficiency as the objective function and a comparison is made with the standard EERC and conventional vapor compression refrigeration system at the optimized conditions. The results indicated that, among the six investigated refrigerants, R1234ze is the best one for which the proposed system has 5.7% and 15.5% higher exergy efficiency values than the standard EERC and conventional vapor compression refrigeration cycle, respectively, at condensing temperature of 40 ∘C and evaporation temperature of 5 ∘C. Also, it is concluded that for higher condensing and lower evaporating temperatures the value of performance improvement is higher.
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