A dynamic business environment and intense competition require companies to create numerous incentives for consumers to keep them loyal. Various incentives are available to marketing managers. Their ...combination depends on the company's goals on the one hand and consumer characteristics on the other. Loyalty programs have traditionally been based on financial incentives aimed at the average consumer. The means on which modern loyalty programs are based are more diverse and complex, and are often based on information technology. They are focused on personalization, that is, the creation of incentives for the individual consumer and the dominant provision of hedonic and symbolic values. The goal of such programs is consumer loyalty to the company/brand, not to the program itself. Starting from the differences between traditional and modern consumer loyalty programs, the author's intention in the paper is to investigate the impact of both programs on consumer loyalty. The impact of traditional programs on consumer loyalty was investigated through financial benefits, flexibility and program reliability, and the impact of modern loyalty programs through personalization, social benefits and gamification. Additionally, the paper analyzed the moderating role of gender and age as consumer demographic characteristics on the degree of loyalty to the program itself and loyalty to the company/brand. Identified relationships between the investigated variables enabled a comparison with the results of existing research and the formulation of recommendations necessary for managing consumer loyalty.
Background
To limit the rapid spread of COVID‐19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially ...relevant to predict population well‐being during isolation. This pre‐registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID‐19 severity, individualism–collectivism, and perceived stress.
Methods
We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020.
Results
Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID‐19 situation.
Conclusions
The COVID‐19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well‐being of these groups.
Introduction & objectives: Aging is a period of life that is affected by the deprivation of social activities, lifestyle, and life satisfaction. Social capital plays a key role in the social, ...economic and health dimensions of individuals. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between social capital and demographic characteristics of the elderly who referred to the houses in the neighborhoods of Tehran in 2018. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Elderly people aged 60 years and older referring to the neighborhoods of Tehran were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. Data collection tools included the Demographic Information Questionnaire and the Onyx Social Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using spss-21 software and both descriptive and inferential statistics. The significance level of the test was considered p≤0. 05. Results: The mean score of the elderlychr('39')s social capital was 80/15 ± 14.89. Although the score of womenchr('39')s social capital (81.86) was higher than men. There was no significant statistical relationship between the numerical indicators of social capital and gender. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that a significant percentage of the elderly have the desired social capital. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to promote the health of the elderly referring to the neighborhood houses with respect to positive aspects of "social capital" and realize of the concept of "healthy and active aging.
The association between mental health problems and crime in immigrants has attracted recent academic interest, with results suggesting that there were possible interactions between immigration, ...schizophrenia, and criminal behavior. However, very few studies have examined these interactions, especially in developing countries that have mass internal immigration. Therefore, this study sought to identify the associations between the sociodemographic, clinical, and criminal factors in migrants and non-migrants with schizophrenia who had been involved in criminal activities in China.
Forensic archives of suspects who had been referred for criminal responsibility assessments in the Sichuan West China Forensic Center from January 2015 to December 2019 were reviewed. The sociodemographic, and criminal activity information of the suspects were extracted, while the clinical and social function were measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS) based on the archives. A Chi-squared test, a T-test, a Mann-Whitney U test, and Multinomial logistic regression were employed for the statistical analysis.
A total of 552 patients were reviewed and evaluated, 17.2% (
= 95) of which were migrants. The migrant patient group was younger than the non-migrant patient group. The BPRS and SDSS scores for the migrant patient group were lower than for the non-migrant patient group. The migrant patient group had more work experience and more had been employed at the time of the crime than the non-migrant patient group. The unemployed migrant patients were more likely to commit a property-related crime.
Compared to the non-migrant schizophrenia patient group, the migrant patient group had less severe psychiatric symptoms and less social function impairments. Employment was an important factor in preventing criminality in patients with schizophrenia, especially for migrant patients. Vocational rehabilitation focuses on developing appropriate employment that can significantly assist in schizophrenia patient recovery, which in turn could reduce their chances of committing crime. Besides, reducing other obstacles to stigma, housing and health insurance would also be beneficial to crime reduction.
This paper investigates and defines the concept of "credit behavior". A number of factors influencing credit behaviour of the population were identified. Among them are economic factors, e.g. income ...and expenses, debt burden, unemployment, interest rates, etc. Another important group of factors impacting credit behavior is social aspects, i.e. level of education, social status, financial and digital literacy, and others. The next important group is demographic factors which include gender and age characteristics, family composition, etc. The research found rigid and positive dependence between the volume of per capita lending with per capita income, which can be explained by the fact that the amount of income directly determines “solvency” of a client. A positive relationship is also observed when assessing the link between the volume of per capita loans and availability of hospital beds.
Social support is one of the most robust predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, little is known about factors that moderate the relationship between social support and PTSD symptom ...severity. This meta-analysis estimated the overall effect size of the relationship between self-reported social support and PTSD severity and tested meaningful demographic, social support, and trauma characteristics that may moderate this association using both cross-sectional and longitudinal effect sizes. A comprehensive search identified 139 studies with 145 independent cross-sectional effect sizes representing 62,803 individuals and 37 studies with 38 independent longitudinal effect sizes representing 25,792 individuals. Study samples had to comprise trauma-exposed, nonclinical adult populations to be included in the analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses revealed a near medium overall effect size (rcross = −.27; 95% CI −.30, −.24; rlong = −.25; 95% CI −.28, −.21) with a high degree of heterogeneity (cross-sectional I2 = 91.6, longitudinal I2 = 86.5). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal moderator analyses revealed that study samples exposed to natural disasters had a weaker effect size than samples exposed to other trauma types (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence), studies measuring negative social reactions had a larger effect size than studies assessing other types of social support, and veteran samples revealed larger effect sizes than civilian samples. Several other methodological and substantive moderators emerged that revealed a complex relationship between social support and PTSD severity. These findings have important clinical implications for the types of social support interventions that could mitigate PTSD severity.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analysis indicates that social support buffers against posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among trauma-exposed individuals. The effect was weaker among individuals exposed to a natural disaster and stronger among veterans. The effect was also stronger when examining negative social reactions in response to trauma.
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•Low neighbourhood average home values were related to high risk of type 2 diabetes.•Temperature and neighbourhood demographic factors were related to type 2 diabetes.•Penalised ...regression LASSO outperformed both random forest and deep learning method.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is thought to be influenced by environmental stressors such as air pollution and noise. Although environmental factors are interrelated, studies considering the exposome are lacking. We simultaneously assessed a variety of exposures in their association with prevalent T2D by applying penalised regression Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) approaches. We contrasted the findings with single-exposure models including consistently associated risk factors reported by previous studies.
Baseline data (n = 14,829) of the Occupational and Environmental Health Cohort study (AMIGO) were enriched with 85 exposome factors (air pollution, noise, built environment, neighbourhood socio-economic factors etc.) using the home addresses of participants. Questionnaires were used to identify participants with T2D (n = 676(4.6 %)). Models in all applied statistical approaches were adjusted for individual-level socio-demographic variables.
Lower average home values, higher share of non-Western immigrants and higher surface temperatures were related to higher risk of T2D in the multivariable models (LASSO, RF). Selected variables differed between the two multi-variable approaches, especially for weaker predictors. Some established risk factors (air pollutants) appeared in univariate analysis but were not among the most important factors in multivariable analysis. Other established factors (green space) did not appear in univariate, but appeared in multivariable analysis (RF). Average estimates of the prediction error (logLoss) from nested cross-validation showed that the LASSO outperformed both RF and ANN approaches.
Neighbourhood socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics and surface temperature were consistently associated with the risk of T2D. For other physical-chemical factors associations differed per analytical approach.
Objectives: Previous research on COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy has found that sociodemographic factors including sex, age, education, and occupation were associated with vaccination acceptance, ...along with other variables like trust in authorities, risk perception of COVID-19 and perception of vaccine efficacy and safety. However, this research has been limited by the use of nonvalidated measures for vaccination hesitancy and utilizing general samples that did not focus on minoritized groups. The purpose of the current study was to use validated methodology to determine factors associated with vaccination uptake in a community sample of predominantly Black and Latinx adults. Method: One-hundred and 9 participants (70% female, 40% Black, 40% Latinx) completed a survey assessing sociodemographic variables, vaccination uptake, medical mistrust, and vaccination attitudes. Results: Multivariate logistic regression revealed that higher scores on the mistrust of the vaccine benefit subscale were associated with lower vaccination uptake (OR = .45, p < .001) and higher levels of education were associated with higher levels of vaccination uptake (OR = 1.56; p = .048). No other demographic variables, nor other aspects of vaccination hesitancy, were associated with vaccination uptake. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings speak to the importance of dispelling misinformation and building community trust in public health efforts. Specifically, vaccine mistrust may be an especially important focus of community-based education efforts.
We investigate the consequences and predictors of emitting signals of victimhood and virtue. In our first three studies, we show that the virtuous victim signal can facilitate nonreciprocal resource ...transfer from others to the signaler. Next, we develop and validate a victim signaling scale that we combine with an established measure of virtue signaling to operationalize the virtuous victim construct. We show that individuals with Dark Triad traits-Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy-more frequently signal virtuous victimhood, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables that are commonly associated with victimization in Western societies. In Study 5, we show that a specific dimension of Machiavellianism-amoral manipulation-and a form of narcissism that reflects a person's belief in their superior prosociality predict more frequent virtuous victim signaling. Studies 3, 4, and 6 test our hypothesis that the frequency of emitting virtuous victim signal predicts a person's willingness to engage in and endorse ethically questionable behaviors, such as lying to earn a bonus, intention to purchase counterfeit products and moral judgments of counterfeiters, and making exaggerated claims about being harmed in an organizational context.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in the environment, and human exposure to these pollutants has caused great public concern. Five groups of EDCs, including parabens, ...antimicrobials (triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC)), bisphenols (BPs), tetrabromobisphenol A and its alternatives (TBBPAs), and benzophenones, in urines of general populations from three cities with different economic levels in China were determined simultaneously to evaluate the coexposure levels of such chemicals. The total concentration of target compounds was approximately two times higher in the urines from Chengdu (a first-tier city; geometric mean: 2.50 μg/L) than that from Nantong (a second-tier city; 1.34 μg/L), and was one order of magnitude higher than that from Shehong (a fifth-tier city; 0.73 μg/L). Urinary target compounds were significantly correlated with gender, age, body mass index (BMI), education level, occupation, and diet. The estimated daily intakes of target chemicals ranged from 0.002 (benzophenones) to 10.2 µg/kg-bw/day (parabens). The exposure estimate showed that females were more vulnerable to exposure to these EDCs. This study profiles the regional and demographic-related differences in the concentrations and exposure risks of several typical EDCs in urines from general populations in three cities with different economic levels in China.
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•Several typical EDCs were ubiquitous in human urines from three cities in China.•The economic level of cities influenced human exposure to such EDCs.•Urinary EDCs were correlated with gender, age, and BMI in the general population.•Females are at higher risk of exposure to these EDCs than males.
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