This research used prospective longitudinal data to examine the associations between first-grade teachers' over- and underestimation of their students' math abilities, basic reading abilities, and ...language skills and the students' high school academic performance, with special attention to the subject area and moderating effects of student demographic characteristics. Teachers' inaccurate expectations in first grade predicted students' math, reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and verbal reasoning standardized test scores at age 15. Significant interactions between students' family income and teachers' misperceptions of students' math and language skills were found, such that teachers' over- and underestimation of abilities had a stronger impact on students from lower income families than on students from more affluent homes. In contrast, the effects of teachers' misperceptions of students' basic reading abilities on performance at age 15 did not differ by income. These results have implications for understanding the complexities of self-fulfilling prophecies and for understanding the achievement gap between students from disadvantaged and advantaged homes.
Most studies that examine tourism impacts and community attitudes have been carried out from the perspective of the tourism sector as a whole, with very few papers focusing on specific types of ...tourism and/or analysing tourists' preferences for specific types of tourism segment. This paper discusses some pertinent issues in relation to cruise tourism development and community attitudes in a port of call cruise destination located in the island of Sicily (Southern Italy). Specifically, this study was carried out using a quota random sample of 1500 responses, which is representative of the population of Messina at 1% level. Findings show that residents express an overall positive attitude towards cruise tourism development even if it is not the most preferred when compared to other types of tourism (cultural tourism, sport tourism, and sun and sea tourism). Further, they highlight that significant differences based on socio-economic and demographic characteristics (age, gender, reliance on cruise-related employment, level of education, geographical proximity to tourist areas and port, length of residency and frequency of interaction with tourists) exist in residents' perceptions and attitudes towards cruise tourism development. Implications for policy-makers are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.
For the 5 million low-income Latino children in the United States who are disproportionately impacted by the numerous risk factors associated with poverty, it is essential to identify proximal ...protective factors that mitigate these risks and bolster the academic and social skills that are foundational to a successful transition into formal schooling. Using ecocultural theory as a lens to guide this work, the present study: (a) described patterns of culture-contextualized family engagement among a low-income, Latino sample, and (b) examined relations between these patterns, family demographic factors, and children's language and social skills in preschool. Across Spanish and English language subsamples, we found evidence that there is heterogeneity in patterns of family engagement within and across language groups, such that different forms of family engagement defined the high engagement profiles in particular. We also found that demographic factors (such as child gender, family structure, and parental education and employment) predicted these patterns differentially across language groups, and that these patterns related to children's social and language skills in meaningful ways. Findings provide directions for future research, theory, and practice with this heterogeneous cultural group.
Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personal and clinical characteristics of adults in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) with depression, anxiety, and stress. ...Methods: Data of 2272 adults participating in the 6th phase of TLGS were used for univariate analysis to investigate the association between socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics and participants’ emotional states. Thereupon, the predictors with a P value<0.20, at least for one of depression, anxiety, and stress in the primary analysis, were included in the model for multivariate modeling. Results: The mean age of participants was 47.23±14.87. The mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were higher in women (P value:<0.001,<0.001, and 0.004) than in men. Higher age was associated with lower anxiety (β=-0.04, P=0.004) and stress (β=-0.13, P<0.001) in men, but only lower stress in women (β=-0.07, P=0.001). Highly educated participants experienced lower depression (β=-2.26, P=0.01, β=-2.26, P=0.003). Although married men robustly experienced lower depression than others (β=-1.69, P=0.009), a less powerful relationship existed between being married and depression in women (β=-1.37, P=0.05). All cigarette smokers experienced higher depression, anxiety, and stress, but only female hookah smokers had higher anxiety and stress. Physical activity and chronic disorders had no relationship with emotional states. Obesity was associated with stress in women (β=1.95, P=0.001). Conclusion: This study provides an update on factors associated with mental health outcomes in a large general population. Examining the factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress through a sex-sensitive lens could help clinicians diagnose and plan the best preventive and therapeutic approach.
Purpose/Objective: Individuals with visual impairments, including transition-age youth, have much lower employment rates than their peers without disabilities. We conducted a systematic review to ...examine the factors that predict employment in American youth with visual impairments. Research/Method: We used a three-pronged approach to identify articles via databases search, hand search, and ancestral search. We then coded all articles for study and sample characteristics, study outcomes, and study quality. Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria, nine of which reported secondary analysis of existing datasets. Previous work experience and postsecondary education were consistently significant positive predictors of employment across studies, with previous, self-initiated work experience being the strongest predictor. There is also some evidence for the importance of transportation and travel skills in obtaining employment. Conversely, demographic and disability characteristics generally were not significant predictors of employment. Conclusions/Implications: These results highlight the need to teach vocational skills, particularly job search skills, to youth with visual impairments and to support their completion of postsecondary education. Because most studies involved secondary analysis of older datasets, and five relied on the same dataset, additional research should be conducted using novel and current datasets in order to replicate and expand on these findings. Research is also needed to identify factors associated with completion of postsecondary education for youth with visual impairments as well as interventions that lead to positive postsecondary educational and employment outcomes.
Impact and Implications
This article is the first published systematic literature review analyzing factors that predict employment outcomes in transition-age American youth with visual impairments specifically. It provides a thorough and comprehensive synthesis of the literature in this area, including its scientific quality. It highlights the critical importance of providing youth with visual impairments skills related to independent job procurement and educational advancement.
Background: With an average suicide rate of 20 per 100,000 in the last
decade, Slovenia is above the EU average. There are considerable regional differences in
suicide mortality within the country. ...Aim: We aimed to investigate the
relationship between selected indicators at area level and the suicide rate in Slovenian
municipalities. Method: Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and (mental)
health data in the years 2012-2016 were analyzed for 212 municipalities. Robust
correlation and regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between
different variables and the suicide rate. Results: The suicide rate was
positively associated with the percentage of male inhabitants, the high social cohesion in
the neighborhood, and the number of sick leave days per capita. It was negatively related
to the net income per capita, the marriage rate, the divorce rate, and the availability of
professional mental healthcare services. Limitations: The small suicide
frequencies within municipalities constitute a limitation of the study.
Conclusion: Factors at local, municipal level can be linked to the risk
of suicide. In Slovenia, neighborhood cohesion is one of the factors that should be
considered when designing suicide prevention measures in a community.
Spatial dynamics and its impact on core–periphery relations and on people’s lives have always been a major concern for both scholars and decision makers in many parts of the world. These issues are ...of greater concern today than ever before because of the global housing affordability crisis that is intertwined with changes in traditional internal migration patterns. This study offers a unique analysis, combining theoretical developments and in-depth empirical research, using big data on the entire Israeli population ages 21 + . It examines changes in spatial dynamics in Israel to understand whether core–periphery disparities have been narrowing or widening in the past two decades. The research findings show mixed trends. With regard to educational level and the distribution of age groups, they indicate the strengthening of the peripheral areas. However, the distribution of income classes shows the strengthening of the center of the country (Tel Aviv area) and the weakening of the other areas. This reflects the relatively stable spatial gaps between the center and the periphery. However, this study further shows that there is a high probability that young, educated, and affluent households will abandon the periphery and that the gaps will eventually widen. Though the findings focus on Israel, they are relevant to many countries because they address core–periphery relations from a spatial-demographic perspective, thus emphasizing the great importance of making peripheral areas attractive places to live.
•The study examines Israel’s spatial dynamics since the beginning of the new millennium, through core-periphery relations.•It is the first empirical study using big data, provided by the NII, of the entire Israeli adult population (age 21+).•The findings regarding the socio-demographic characteristics indicate mixed trends.•Although spatial gaps do exist between the center and the periphery, they have remained relatively stable over time.•A combination of macro and micro analysis indicates that the strengthening of the periphery may be a “double-edged sword."
Flood disasters, a natural hazard throughout human history, have caused significant damage to human safety and infrastructure. This paper presents a systematic study using databases from Springer ...Link, Science Direct, JSTOR, and Web of Science. The study employs the PRISMA report analysis method to examine 11 flood disaster case studies between 2010 and 2022. The findings reveal that demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare crucially determine social vulnerability to adverse flood events. Notably, risk perception and coping capacity also received substantial attention in the case studies. Unfortunately, many indicators of social vulnerability fail to adequately consider the influence of these factors. The effects of factors that make communities vulnerable vary across disaster stages and countries. This emphasizes the importance of considering specific situations and locations when understanding the origins and consequences of vulnerability. The article concludes by offering recommendations to customize quantitative indicators of social vulnerability to flood contexts, covering aspects such as temporal context, measurability, and indicator relationships.
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