This paper examines the effect of governance mechanisms – formal contracts, relational norms and trust – on the performance of exploration and exploitation joint research and development (R&D) ...projects. While the authors acknowledge the need for a twofold approach, transactional and relational, to understand the interfirm exchange governance, the joint action of formal contracts and relational governance has been caught between the complementary or substitutive forces involved in interorganizational relationships. Using survey data on joint exploration and exploitation R&D projects developed by the European biotechnology companies, the synergies of both mechanisms and their effects in improving project performance are investigated. The analysis suggests that contracts and relational norms and trust act as complementary mechanisms, but while contracts are more effective in exploitation projects, relational norms and trust are more powerful in improving the performance of exploration projects.
Value Creation, Capture, and Destruction Fisher, Bridget; Leite, Flávia; Weber, Rachel
Journal of the American Planning Association,
01/2023, Letnik:
89, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMunicipalities relying on tax increment financing (TIF) to underwrite large-scale infrastructure and development projects assume that tax revenues from the ...increase in property values will be sufficient in the short run to cover capital expenses (i.e., that projects are self-financing). By examining a case of TIF in action, we move beyond expectations about how TIF should work in theory. Hudson Yards on the far West Side of Manhattan is one of the largest TIF projects in the United States in recent years and the first one implemented in New York City. We refined the conventional fiscal impact analysis approach by tracking costs and revenue flows of the project between 2005 and 2020 and comparing rents, assessed values, property tax appeals, abatements, and land prices across relevant submarkets. Through this exercise and critical reading of the literature, we developed a framework for analyzing TIF that treats property values as extrinsic and determined by the political arrangements and calculative negotiations that create, capture, and destroy them. Interactions between private property markets and governing bodies cause costs to fluctuate, responsibility for different expenditures and claims on new revenues to shift, and the location and magnitude of spillover effects to change over time. The flexibility of property values in Hudson Yards allowed the taxes to be used at cross-purposes, jeopardizing the payback streams and inflating risks shouldered by the public sector.Takeaway for practiceAlthough our findings are limited by the single case study approach, the creation–capture–destruction heuristic we developed can help planners modify their expectations of the future and spend economic development dollars more effectively in the present. We suggest that municipalities claw back subsidies upon a property’s sale through a local capital gains tax and restrict the use of appeals and abatements in TIF districts to limit the potential for value destruction.
Airports are among the constructions that must meet international standards and specifications established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Some of these parameters and ...criteria include topography, environmental, and operating circumstances. Navigation operations are also affected by terrain and human barriers, while noise, infrastructure, and weather factors affect the environment around airports. This article investigates using the interpretative structure model (ISM) and analytical network process (ANP) together as a new technique to select and determine the optimum site selection for constructing new international airports in the Nile Delta, Egypt. The criteria used (16 international criteria) are selected depending on the standards of the ICAO, field surveys, and previous studies. Nile Delta, Egypt, is chosen as a case study because it suffers from the lack of international airports and has a population of approximately 23 million. Therefore, new international airports must be established to serve this region, boost tourism, improve transportation, and stimulate commercial traffic. The results using the suggested new technique are compared with the traditional used methods for site selection, such as fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process. Landsat 8 images are used in this research. A quality test using the area under the curve and the receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to evaluate the new technique for site selection of international airports, depending on calculating the highest suitability index for each proposed site. From the quality tests, it is deduced that the suggested method (ISM–ANP) for airport site selection is more accurate than any other traditional method. ArcGIS 10.5 software is used to draw the final digital maps containing the proposed resulted sites. As a result, three new locations for the construction of international airports were found and selected throughout the research region (Delta Nile, Egypt) based on the used mathematical models. Therefore, the proposed novel method for determining the locations of international airports is thought to be effective and feasible, and it can be used to determine the locations of any development projects in general, particularly in developing countries, which benefits the decision-makers in making the right decisions.
Software development involves many activities, and decision making is an essential one. Various factors can impact a decision-making process, and by understanding such factors, one can improve the ...process. Since people are the ones making decisions, some human-related aspects are amongst those influencing factors. One such aspect is the decision maker’s personality.
This research investigates the relationship between decision-making style and personality within the context of software project development.
We conducted a survey in a population of Brazilian software engineers to gather data on their personality and decision-making style.
Data from 63 participants was gathered and resulted in the identification of seven statistically significant correlations between decision-making style and personality (personality factor and personality facets). Furthermore, we built a regression model in which decision-making style (DMS) was the response variable and personality factors the independent variables. The backward elimination procedure selected only agreeableness to explain 4.2% of DMS variation. The model accuracy was evaluated and deemed good enough. Regarding the moderation effect of demographic variables (age, educational level, experience, and role) on the relationship between DMS and Agreeableness, the analysis showed that only software engineers’ role has such effect.
This paper contributes toward understanding the relationship between DMS and personality. Results show that the personality variable agreeableness can explain the variation in decision-making style. Furthermore, someone’s role in a software development project can impact the strength of the relationship between DMS and agreeableness.
Abstract
Urban sprawl is a random urban expansion that causes productive land to decrease, change the shape of the city, or irregular morphology of the city. The paper aims to identify the phenomenon ...of urban sprawl and its implications that occur in the City of Yogyakarta. The methods used are descriptive analysis and spatial analysis through secondary data. The results of this paper include the symptoms or characteristics of urban sprawl found in the City of Yogyakarta, from 14 subdistricts there are 3 subdistricts that have a high potential urban sprawl namely Wirobrajan, Mantrijeron and Kotagede subdistricts. This paper also describes the identification of urban sprawl in City of Yogyakarta based on existing characeristics. It is based on the CBD map found in this study. Furthermore, the implications that occur cause some urban problems such as narrowing of land, high population pressure, change of land use from agricultural land to residential land and shops, land support capacity and declining availability, increased population migration, increased urbanization rate, soaring land invention prices, development projects that are increasingly spreading and developing economic and industrial centers.
This article analyzes the political dynamics centered on Skopje 2014, an urban renovation project sponsored by the government of the Republic of Macedonia, which is linked to efforts to define a ...distinctive nation brand for the country. Examining the project and the controversies it has generated, I argue that the form of nation branding represented by Skopje 2014 indicates a new modality of neoliberal governance in which the state functions as an entrepreneurial subject within a competitive global marketplace oriented to the attraction of deterritorialized finance capital. I show how promoting a national brand image defined a field of state management where the development project was imagined to mediate Macedonia's relationship to foreign investment and tourism. However, as illustrated by the Macedonian case, nation branding not only rationalizes a new state project but also grounded an idiom of popular claim-making on the state. Through portrayals of the Skopje 2014 project as an inauthentic and counterfeit copy of other European cities, critics have constructed counterproductive national promotion as both an economic and existential threat to citizen-subjects. The article therefore explores how nation branding can open a new space of politics when nation-brand images emerge as sites of popular contestation.
Abstract
The article looks into the process of shaping of the Arctic region’s image as part of the policy of modern Russia from the perspective of strategic development projects and international ...meetings: major international forums, conferences as part of international cooperation. Special attention is being given to the economic activity of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region. While conducting research the author came to the key conclusion that the ongoing strategic development projects and international events are able to influence and form the unique image of the Arctic region and also that there is more than just one image being formed in the politics of modern Russia. The first one (internal) is formed to involve human capacity that can ensure the development of extracting, trade and military infrastructure. The second (external) is based on social sphere and sustainable development of the region which is not being a first priority in the Russian Federation’s policy.
•Web 2.0 platforms raise awareness and funds for conservation/development worldwide.•This ‘conservation and development 2.0’ comes with changes and new expectations.•The paper presents a case-study ...to investigate these changes and expectations.•The system peculiarities of 2.0 platforms do not elude familiar (1.0) disjunctures.•Yet they might obscure these further from sight.
An increasing amount of interactive ‘2.0’ crowdsourcing platforms raise awareness and funds for conservation and development projects worldwide. By enabling two-way online collaboration and communication, these ‘conservation and development 2.0’ platforms hoped to provide new impetus and popular legitimacy for conservation and development initiatives in the face of budget cuts and general criticism of the ‘formal’ aid sector after the financial crisis. This paper presents the case of the flagship ‘elephant corridor’ project on the Dutch pifworld.com platform to investigate whether and how the ‘2.0’ element has changed conservation and development in line with these expectations. The paper describes and analyses online and offline dynamics of the project and shows that while online excitement about the project remained high, the concomitant conservation and development promises and imaginations ill related to offline local realities. This rather ‘traditional’ conservation and development disjuncture, however, needs to be understood against the system peculiarities of the politics of online ‘do-good’ 2.0 platforms. The paper concludes that as these peculiarities are significantly intensifying and changing conservation and development dynamics, they do not elude familiar (1.0) disjunctures and might even obscure these further from sight.
In the case of the energy sector (including mining companies) and the implementation of their development projects, it is necessary to obtain a social license to operate for a given project, which is ...associated with the involvement of various groups of stakeholders in the project and should be consistent with the company’s strategy. The basis for obtaining permission to operate is to conduct a stakeholder mapping process. Such an analysis will aid effective dialogue with all stakeholders and guide appropriate relationship building. The aim of this paper is to present the authors’ method of stakeholder mapping, which is an independent methodical idea that can be implemented in any enterprise. This paper comprehensively presents this algorithm, starting with the identification of stakeholder groups, through the determination of their level of interest and influence, ending with the construction of a matrix indicating the necessity of undertaking specific communication activities. Finally, the implementation of the created method in the form of a real business project is presented, the advantages are pointed out, and the possibilities and determinants of further development of this algorithm are presented. This method is proposed to companies from the energy sector, including those mining energy resources, as companies that have a significant impact on their social and environmental environment.
Large scale urban development projects, marketed as "new cities," are emerging across the African continent. However, there is a limited empirical insight into how their partnerships, involving ...foreign investors and the local African landowners, are brokered, and the extent to which local communities are engaged in such projects. Using the Appolonia City project in Ghana and drawing analytical insights from the DEDA urban governance framework, this paper scrutinizes the partnership between Rendeavour, the foreign investor, and the Appolonia community, the owners of the land used for the project, to interrogate the extent to which the community has been involved, and the benefits that have accrued. We find that the traditional rulers saw the project as an opportunity to secure community lands against ongoing unauthorized encroachments, and to assist the local economy. We argue that the 99-year lease granted to Rendeavour in return for a 10% equity stake does not reflect a partnership where concessions and benefits are equally distributed. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of the unequal partnership arrangements and the ensuing entangled urban governance process that set in motion project outcomes that do not necessarily reflect the needs of urban citizens.
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