Millions of people in the United States consume dietary supplements hoping to maintain or improve their health; however, extensive research has failed to demonstrate the efficacy of numerous ...supplements in disease prevention. In addition, concerns about the safety of routine and high-dose supplementation have been raised. The Food and Drug Administration regulates dietary supplement quality, safety, and labeling, and the Federal Trade Commission monitors advertisements and marketing; still, vast enforcement challenges remain, and optimal governmental oversight has not been achieved. If the composition and quality of ingredients cannot be reliably ensured, the validity of research on dietary supplements is questionable. Moreover, the health of the US public is put at risk.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) on the growth performance, intestinal lesions and ...ileal Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) count of broiler chickens challenged with C. perfringens induced sub-clinical necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of 150 broiler chicks, allocated into five treatment groups (6 replicates of 5 chicks/cage), were reared in cages for 29 days: T0 (control group, not infected, not supplemented); T1 (infected with C. perfringens, not supplemented); T2 (infected with C. perfringens and coccidia, not supplemented); T3 (infected with C. perfringens and coccidia, supplemented with P. acidilactici); T4 (infected with C. perfringens and coccidia, supplemented with S. cerevisiae). The parameters analyzed were: body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, intestinal lesion score and ileal C. perfringens enumeration by quantitative real-time PCR. The challenge resulted in impairment of growth performance, increased lesion score (< 2) and overgrowth of the C. perfringens population. However, the dietary inclusion of P. acidilactici or S. cerevisiae caused a significant improvement in feed conversion, net reduction of gut lesions, as well as a decrease in the intestinal C. perfringens population. In conclusion, these results suggest that dietary supplementation with probiotics (P. acidilactici or S. cerevisiae) could be beneficial to alleviate the negative effects of subclinical NE in broiler chickens. Key words: Clostridium perfringens; necrotic enteritis; Pediococcus acidilactici; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; broiler chickens Cilj ovog istraivanja bio je procijeniti ucinke Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici) i Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) na prirast, intestinalne lezije i kolicinu bakterija Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) u crijevu brojlera sa supklinickim nekroticnim enteritisom izazvanim bakterijom C. perfringens. Ukupno 150 brojlera podijeljenih u pet pokusnih skupina (6 replikacija u svakoj skupini, 5 pilica po replikaciji, 6 kaveza po skupini) uzgajano je u kavezima 29 dana: T0 (kontrolna skupina, neinficirani, bez dodatka prehrani); skupina T1 (inficirani bakterijom C. perfringens, bez dodatka prehrani); skupina T2 (inficirani bakterijom C. perfringens i kokcidijom, bez dodatka prehrani); skupina T3 (inficirani bakterijom C. perfringens i kokcidijom, s dodatkom P. acidilactici); skupina T4 (inficirani bakterijom C. perfringens i kokcidijom, s dodatkom S. cerevisiae). Analizirani pokazatelji bili su porast tjelesne mase, unos hrane, stopa konverzije hrane, smrtnost, intestinalne lezije i kolicina bakterije C. perfringens u crijevu mjerena kvantitativnim PCR testom u stvarnom vremenu. Rezultati su bili smanjenje stope rasta, porast ozljeda (less than or equal to 2) i prekomjeran porast bakterija C. perfringens. Uvodenje P. acidilactici ili S. cerevisiae u prehranu znakovito je poboljalo stopu konverzije hrane, smanjilo crijevne lezije te smanjilo broj bakterija C. perfringens u crijevu. Zakljucno, rezultati upucuju na to da bi dodatak probiotika (P. acidilactici ili S. cerevisiae) mogao smanjiti negativne ucinke supklinickog nekroticnog enteritisa u brojlera. Kljucne rijeci: Clostridium perfringens; nekroticni enteritis; Pediococcus acidilactici; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; brojleri
Botanical dietary supplements (BDS) are complex mixtures of phytochemicals exhibiting complex pharmacology and posing complex research challenges. For 25 years, clinical pharmacologists researching ...BDS have confronted a litany of issues unlike those encountered with conventional medications. Foundational to these concerns is the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, which exempted BDS from premarket safety and efficacy trials. In the ensuing period, safety concerns regarding multi‐ingredient products formulated as “proprietary blends” and herb‐drug interactions have garnered significant attention. Idiosyncrasies unique to BDS can affect the outcome and interpretation of in vitro and in vivo studies, and although “omics” approaches hold promise in uncovering BDS efficacy mechanisms, purposeful adulteration threatens their safety. Despite a quarter century of public use, healthcare professionals still know little about BDS, thus it falls to industry, government, and academia to join forces in promoting a new paradigm for BDS research and product development.
Food (dietary) supplements include a wide range of products that are designed to be taken because of their added nutrients and presumed health benefits. Global food supplement sales are experiencing ...rapid growth and supplements that based on botanicals are among the most popular. The meteoric rise in sales coupled with the general lack of a commitment to pass effective regulation make this market more vulnerable to dishonest producers, increase the likelihood that supplements containing adulterants are sold on the market, and a greater prevalence of safety and quality issues (contamination by pesticides and mycotoxins). In this paper, we present an overview of various sample preparation and analytical techniques that can be used for the determination of bioactive substances in food supplements based on plant extracts and for making purity assessments of plant extracts in these preparations. The analysis looks at data collected from 2012 to 2017. The work is divided according to the different approaches taken when analysing food supplements and groups of bioactive substances found in plant extracts (purity assessments and the determination of bioactive substances).
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•Analytical methods for quality control of food supplements based on plant extracts were reviewed.•Advantages and limitations of extraction techniques and separation methods were discussed.•Critical evaluations of the poor quality of food supplements were highlighted.•Adulterants, endocrine disruptors, pesticides and mycotoxins contamination were pointed out.•Perspectives in quality control of food supplements based on plant extracts were summarized.
Hepatotoxicity related to HDS is a growing global health issue. We have undertaken a systematic review of published case reports and case series from LA from 1976 to 2020 to describe the clinical ...features of HDS related hepatotoxicity in this region. We search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and specific LA databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Only HILI cases published in LA that met criteria for DILI definition were included. Duplicate records or reports that lacked relevant data that precluded establishing causality were excluded. Finally, 17 records (23 cases) were included in this review. Centella asiatica, Carthamus tinctorius, and Herbalife® were the most reported HDS culprit products, the main reason for HDS consumption was weight loss. The clinical characteristics of HDS hepatotoxicity in our study were compared to those of other studies in the USA, Europe and China showing a similar signature with predominance of young females, hepatocellular damage, a high rate of ALF and mortality, more frequent inadvertent re‐challenge and chronic damage. This study underscores the challenge in causality assessment when multi‐ingredients HDS are taken and the need for consistent publication practice when reporting hepatotoxicity cases due to HDS, to foster HDS liver safety particularly in LA.
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