Summary
This flash essay introduces a special section on flash ethnography. We consider how and why this genre has emerged as a vital intervention for ethnographic practice and theoretical ...storytelling. We invite questions about the value, methods, and scope of this form—a move toward un‐disciplining our writing and offering new ways of thinking about ethnographic wholes.
Despite significant advances over the past few decades, geographies of alcohol, drinking, drunkenness remain under-theorised and researched. Indeed, even when applying critical thinking, geographers ...have tended to unreflexively reproduce, rather than question ‘alcohol studies’ ontologies and epistemologies infused with moralising, disciplining, and normalising discourses. In response, we present three intertwined research trajectories, informed by broader human geography debates, which offer opportunities to engage with alcohol, drinking, drunkenness more carefully and critically through; relational, flat, and decolonising ontologies; de-determination and intensities of (non)human relations; and ethical and political imperatives of research that ask questions of ‘worth’ and ‘reason’. Specifically, this involves, firstly, reinvigorating theoretical challenges to dominant and long-entrenched political, policy, popular, and academic debates; secondly, pursuing focused empirical accounts of heterogeneous and complex knowledges, practices, materialities, emotions, embodiment, affective experiences, and performances; and thirdly, paying attention to topographies, qualities, forms, and intensities of relational time/spaces beyond alcohol consumption per se. Our conclusion reflects on the challenges and opportunities of re-thinking geographies of alcohol, drinking, drunkenness within and beyond the discipline.
An integral part of a teacher’s job is to correct misbehavior of students. There is scarcity of information on disciplinary methods used by teachers in schools in Sri Lanka. As a part of a larger ...research, this study was undertaken to fill this gap. A culturally validated questionnaire was used to assess the various disciplinary methods used by 459 teachers, on 948 students, in six districts in Sri Lanka. National, provincial, special education, and private schools were included in this study. The study revealed that teachers used aversive disciplinary methods such as corporal punishment and psychological aggression. During the past term, 80.4% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of corporal punishment and 72.5% reported experiencing psychological aggression. It was alarming to note that 53% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of physical abuse in the schools in Sri Lanka. In all, 79.3% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of positive discipline. Although teachers did use positive discipline, it was lesser than the use of aversive disciplinary methods. Hence, the use of force as a tool of discipline on young people in schools in Sri Lanka is widespread. The findings of this study should raise grave concern and ring alarm bells among authorities in Sri Lanka. Therefore, several recommendations to rectify this situation are also presented herein.
Belief disagreements have been suggested as a major contributing factor to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. This paper theoretically evaluates this hypothesis. I assume that optimists have ...limited wealth and take on leverage so as to take positions in line with their beliefs. To have a significant effect on asset prices, they need to borrow from traders with pessimistic beliefs using loans collateralized by the asset itself. Since pessimists do not value the collateral as much as optimists do, they are reluctant to lend, which provides an endogenous constraint on optimists' ability to borrow and to influence asset prices. I demonstrate that the tightness of this constraint depends on the nature of belief disagreements. Optimism concerning the probability of downside states has no or little effect on asset prices because these types of optimism are disciplined by this constraint. Instead, optimism concerning the relative probability of upside states could have significant effects on asset prices. This asymmetric disciplining effect is robust to allowing for short selling because pessimists that borrow the asset face a similar endogenous constraint. These results emphasize that what investors disagree about matters for asset prices, to a greater extent than the level of disagreements. When richer contracts are available, relatively complex contracts that resemble some of the recent financial innovations in the mortgage market endogenously emerge to facilitate betting.
Although the influence of disciplining experiences on a variety of personality factors has been studied, there is less clarity on how disciplining experiences influence the traits of perfectionism ...and self-compassion in individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between different domains of perfectionism and self-compassion, as well as the influence of specific aspects of disciplining experiences, such as parental warmth and punishment experiences, on perfectionism and self-compassion. In this study, a quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was used. A total of 220 Indian emerging adults from the city of Bangalore were surveyed via convenience sampling. The following scales were administered: Disciplining Experiences Measure, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale. The results showed that (1) Self Compassion has a significant positive relationship with Perfectionism; (2) Punishment experience has an influence on Other-oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism; (3) Disciplining Helped positively predicted Self-oriented Perfectionism; and (4) Parental Warmth positively predicted Self-compassion in individuals. The findings contribute to the literature emphasizing the influence of disciplining experiences on one’s self and personality, as well as the potential benefits of self-compassion-based interventions.
This article investigates the making of cheap workers at the bottom of global value chains. Adopting a class relational approach, it engages in labour regime and social reproduction analyses, to ...examine the labour process in Senegalese export horticulture and its relations with rural households. Drawing from primary qualitative data, it analyses power relations within workplaces and households investigating the structural relations between them through the disciplining and exploitation of women. It argues that labour control beyond workplaces is crucial to the supply of cheap and disciplined workers, showing how patriarchy and religion regulate a continuum of class relations between households, fields, and packaging centres. It shows the inherent conflict between production and reproduction intensifies South of the supply chain and fuels fragmentation of women in ‘classes of labour’. While women shape, respond and defy some forms of subordination, their resistance to the combined pressures of disciplining and exploitation is less manifest.
Human cooperation in social dilemmas challenges researchers from various disciplines. Here we combine advances in experimental economics and evolutionary biology that separately have shown that ...costly punishment and reputation formation, respectively, induce cooperation in social dilemmas. The mechanisms of punishment and reputation, however, substantially differ in their means for 'disciplining' non-cooperators. Direct punishment incurs salient costs for both the punisher and the punished, whereas reputation mechanisms discipline by withholding action, immediately saving costs for the 'punisher'. Consequently, costly punishment may become extinct in environments in which effective reputation building--for example, through indirect reciprocity--provides a cheaper and powerful way to sustain cooperation. Unexpectedly, as we show here, punishment is maintained when a combination with reputation building is available, however, at a low level. Costly punishment acts are markedly reduced although not simply substituted by appreciating reputation. Indeed, the remaining punishment acts are concentrated on free-riders, who are most severely punished in the combination. When given a choice, subjects even prefer a combination of reputation building with costly punishment. The interaction between punishment and reputation building boosts cooperative efficiency. Because punishment and reputation building are omnipresent interacting forces in human societies, costly punishing should appear less destructive without losing its deterring force.
A growing body of empirical research has investigated various aspects of control in exchange relationships; however, understanding of this phenomenon is still in its infancy. The objective of our ...research is to review this literature quantitatively with meta-analysis to derive some empirical generalizations and reconcile the contradictory results about the effects of organizational control in marketing exchange relationships. This study finds that process and output control generally produce positive outcomes, especially when used jointly. It also finds that, because control encompasses more than monitoring alone, the former is generally more effective in producing positive outcomes. Our research also finds that organizational control can have either positive or negative consequences depending on the organizational setting (i.e., interorganizational vs. intraorganizational context)
The article elaborates on the role of deservingness discourses in regulating membership of non-citizen groups in Germany. Specifically, it focuses on Hungarians working or volunteering in ...institutions of refugee accommodation in Germany. It asks how personal migration experience and migrant statuses and identities of Hungarian workers are mobilised when recreating discourses of refugee-deservingness. Performance expectations on refugees related to education and employment evoked references to similarities of migration experience, strengthening an empathetic perspective towards refugee clients and students. Deservingness frameworks related to culture were more ambiguous. A ‘mission civilisatrice’, that is educating Muslim Others to European, non-Muslim ways of behaving and thinking, often tied to gender relations, was paralleled by a continuous attempt to challenge and dismantle such discourses of difference and disciplining. These ambivalences of empathetic identification and disciplinary racialisation draw the contours of a characteristic place of (Hungarian) migrant workers in the governance of refugee accommodation in Germany.
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