This study aims to gain a better understanding of college students’ exposure to PM2.5 and the associated health risk by simultaneously measuring the PM2.5 mass concentrations in dormitories and ...outdoor environments in a university in Nanjing, China, in 2016–2017. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and the degree of heavy metal pollution was assessed by calculating the enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index. Source apportionment of PM2.5 related heavy metals was carried out qualitatively with a principal component analysis (PCA) receptor model. Finally, a health risk assessment for college students was conducted using Monte Carlo simulations and the US EPA health risk model. The results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 in dormitories was 61.23 μg·m−3 (range: 19.62–131.00 μg·m−3), whereas the average PM2.5 concentration in the outdoor environment was 79.92 μg·m−3 (range: 21.27–188.00 μg·m−3). Fe was the most abundant heavy metal in PM2.5, followed by Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Ni, and Cd in dormitories and outdoor environments. Human disturbance and particle re-suspension was found to be a source of Ni in the dormitories. PM2.5 related heavy metals in dormitories mainly originated from a mixture of the combustion of coal and industrial sources (71.21%), vehicle exhausts and traffic-related road dust (11.26%), and fugitive emissions ascribed to student activities (5.68%). The results of Monte Carlo simulations showed that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of PM2.5 related heavy metals via inhalation in dormitories and outdoor environments were within safe limits.
•PM2.5 and related heavy metals in dormitories primarily had outdoor sources.•Human disturbance and particle re-suspension were revealed to be main sources of Ni in dormitories.•Health risks of all heavy metals in indoor PM2.5 via inhalation were within safe limits
Currently the development of pesantren in Indonesia is very rapid, while there is still no concept that is used as a reference in designing of the dormitory building. There are several standards or ...references used in dormitories but currently only found for campus dormitories. In addition, there are some problems in pesantren dormitory such as infrastructure that is less supportive and very high occupancy density, therefore students make adaptations. This study aims to formulate the parameters used in designing pesantren based on preferences and adaptation. Preference is included because there is relationship between preference and adaptation. The method used is qualitative by comparing from some literatures. The results consist of thread of thought, determining of pesantren and variable, indicator used. There are five thread that used to formulated design concept, among others existing, typology, preference, adaptation and proposal design. Variable and indicators of activity, facility and environmental scope can be assessed on student preference and adaptation in any contexts and type of pesantren. Further, the upcoming result of parameter can be set as the underlying consideration for the designing of pesantren dormitory.
Indoor/outdoor particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) and their water-soluble ions were measured in a retirement home and a school dormitory in Tehran, from May 2012 to January 2013. Hourly ...indoor/outdoor PM concentrations were measured using GRIMM dust monitors and 24-h aerosol samples were collected by low-volume air samplers. Water-soluble ions were determined using an ion chromatography (IC) instrument. Although the mean outdoor PM concentrations in both sampling sites were almost equal, the mean indoor PM10 in the school dormitory was approximately 1.35 times higher than that in the retirement home. During a Middle Eastern dust storm, the 24-h average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations were respectively 3.4, 2.9, and 1.9 times as high as those in normal days outdoors and 3.4, 2.8, and 1.6 times indoors. The results indicated that secondary inorganic aerosols were the dominant water-soluble ions of indoor and outdoor PM. We found that the smaller the particle, the higher the percentage of secondary inorganic aerosols. Except for PM10 in the school dormitory, strong correlations were found between indoor and outdoor PM. We estimated that nearly 45% of PM10, 67% of PM2.5, and 79% of PM1 in the retirement home, and 32% of PM10, 76% of PM2.5, and 83% of PM1 in the school dormitory originated from outdoor environment.
•Higher correlations were found between indoor and outdoor for PM2.5 and PM1.•Higher percentages of secondary inorganic aerosols were found for PM2.5 and PM1.•For all the ions, the I/O was lower than the unity, except for calcium in PM10.•We had significant indoor sources for PM10, but not for PM2.5 and PM1.•Mobile sources were the most important source of PM in Tehran.
The concentrations of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols were measured in a retirement home and a school dormitory from May 2012 to May 2013. In the present work, two active and passive methods were ...used for bioaerosol sampling. The results from the present work indicated that Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were the dominant bacterial genera, while the major fungal genera were Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aspergillus spp. The results also indicated that the indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios for total bacteria were 1.77 and 1.44 in the retirement home and the school dormitory, respectively; the corresponding values for total fungal spores were 1.23 and 1.08. The results suggested that in addition to outdoor sources, indoor sources also played a significant role in emitting bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in the retirement home and the school dormitory indoor.
Objectives
This study explores the influences of different types of dormitory exercise on the negative emotions of quarantined Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
In a ...3-week intervention, participants self-selected into a rope skipping group (RSG), an aerobic exercise group (AEG), and a resistance exercise group (REG), while participants in the control group (CG) engaged, by choice, in no physical exercise. Exercise frequency was three times a week for 45 min, with an intensity of 60–80% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the intervention, all participants completed the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Student’s
t
-test was used for intra-group comparisons, while ANOVA was used for inter-group comparisons.
Results
Within the three exercise groups, there were some differences in the decrease levels of anxiety and depression, statistically significant at (
p
< 0.05); by contrast, the levels of anxiety and depression slightly increased in the CG group, again with statistical significance (
p
< 0.05). Comparing each of the RSG, AEG, and REG with the CG, we found some statistically significant differences in decreasing levels of anxiety and depression (
p
< 0.05). A comparison of the RSG and REG with the AEG also revealed some significant differences in levels of anxiety and depression (
p
< 0.05). However, the RSG and REG did not significantly differ in levels of anxiety and depression (
p
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Long-term and strict dormitory quarantine led to different levels of anxiety and depression among quarantined college students. The three different types of medium-intensity dormitory exercise evidently decreased anxiety and depression levels of quarantined college students, but aerobic exercise had the greatest influence, while rope skipping and resistance exercise had equivalent effects.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, strict stay-at-home orders have been implemented in many Chinese universities in virus-hit regions. While changes in electricity consumption in the residential sector ...caused by COVID-19 have been thoroughly analysed, there is a lack of insight into the impact of the stay-at-home order on electricity consumption in university dormitory buildings. Based on questionnaire survey results, this study adopted the statistical Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to analyse the energy-use behaviours of university students in dormitories during the COVID-19 pandemic. The electricity load profiles of the dormitory buildings before and during the implementation of the stay-at-home order were generated and compared to quantitatively analyse the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the energy-use behaviours of university students, and the proposed load forecasting method was validated by comparing the forecasting results with monitoring data on electricity consumption. The results showed that: 1) during the implementation of the stay-at-home order, electricity consumption in the university dormitory buildings increased by 41.05%; 2) due to the increased use of illuminating lamps, laptops, and public direct drinking machines, the daily electricity consumption increased most significantly from 13:00 to 18:00, with an increase rate of 97.15%; and 3) the morning peak shifted backward and the evening peak shifted forward, demonstrating the effect of implementing the stay-at-home order on reshaping load profiles.
•People in air-conditioned rooms exerted adaptability to hot-humid climate.•Long-time living in hot-humid regions enhanced occupants’ adaptation.•Adaptability to high temperature was weaker in ...air-conditioned environment.•Adaptation to humidity was slower than that to temperature.
This study aims to investigate adaptive comfort in air conditioned dormitory rooms in hot-humid climate zone. A field survey was carried out in air conditioned dormitories in Changsha, a big city in south-central China in summer. This survey included indoor environment measurements, questionnaires and interviews. The obtained results indicated that the experience of long-time living in regions with hot-humid climate in summer enhanced subjects’ adaptability to higher temperature, which can be explained by psychological and behavioral processes. Such kind of adaptability still existed in air conditioned environment even though it was not as strong as that in naturally ventilated environment due to increased expectation, psychological and behavioral dependencies on air conditioners as well as possible weaker physiological adaptation. Moreover, the experience of long-time living in humid regions also strengthened the adaptation to high humidity, which probably mainly came from psychological adaptation process. Nevertheless, the adaptation process to humidity was slower than that to temperature because less adaptation approaches were available. This paper also provided references for both adaptive comfort researches and application of air conditioners in dormitory environment.
Introduction: Any kind of behavior or practice that conflicts with the values and norms accepted by the community is known as social harm, which can disrupt the function of the individual, the ...family, and the community. This study aimed to investigate the factors leading to social injuries among dormitory students. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 337 dormitory students of the state universities in Ilam during 2016. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 69 items. Face validity, relative content validity coefficient (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) were used to evaluate the validity of the instrument. In this study, the CVI and CVR were obtained at 0.85 and 0.76, respectively. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient at 0.87. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) through descriptive statistics to describe the data. Moreover, inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings: The Chi-square test results showed a significant difference between gender and the damage induced by the illegitimate relationship (P<0.05). Moreover, social injuries correlated significantly with friend status, being isolated, lack of familiarity with life skills, and lack of academic and educational facilities in dormitories (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusions: In this study, family problems, history of depression, presence of peer group and friends, and being far away from family were the most important factors affecting social harm in students. Therefore, it is suggested to develop appropriate strategies to prevent the emergence of social harms.
Increasing evidence from the home environment indicates that indoor microbiome exposure is associated with asthma development. However, indoor microbiome composition can be highly diverse and ...dynamic, and thus current studies fail to produce consistent results. Chinese university dormitories are special high-density dwellings with similar building and occupants characteristics, which facilitate to disentangle the complex interactions between microbes, environmental characteristics and asthma. Settled air dust and floor dust was collected from 87 dormitory rooms in Shanxi University. Bacterial communities were characterized by 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Students (n = 357) were surveyed for asthma symptoms and measured for fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Asthma was not associated with the overall bacterial richness but associated with specific phylogenetic classes. Taxa richness and abundance in Clostridia, including Ruminococcus, Blautia, Clostridium and Subdoligranulum, were positively associated with asthma (p < 0.05), and these taxa were mainly derived from the human gut. Taxa richness in Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria were marginally protectively associated with asthma, and these taxa were mainly derived from the outdoor environment. Bacterial richness and abundance were not associated with FeNO levels. Building age was associated with overall bacterial community variation in air and floor dust (p < 0.05), but not associated with the asthma-related microorganisms. Our data shows that taxa from different phylogenetic classes and derived habitats have different health effects, indicating the importance of incorporating phylogenetic and ecological concepts in revealing patterns in the microbiome asthma association analysis.
•First microbiome asthma association study in university dormitories.•Consistent associations for microbial taxa at a high taxonomic level.•Health effects for environmental and human derived microbes.•Characterize indoor microbiome from multiple sampling strategies.
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