In a wireless power transfer system, applying power-relay coils is an effective method to achieve both long distance and high efficiency. However, the wireless power-relay system (WPRS) has many ...variables, which will perplex the system design. In this article, an evaluation method based on the black-box Formula Omitted-parameter two-port model is introduced for the WPRS. This method can easily obtain the theoretical optimal efficiency and the corresponding load from black-box measurement instead of acquiring all the parameters of the resonant coils. This feature can be used to compare potential performance of different WPRSs. WPRSs based on printed circuit board coils are built to verify black-box Formula Omitted-parameter two-port modeling. Experiments are also carried out on WPRS ac resonant tanks and WPRS dc–dc converters.
Low availability of inorganic phosphorus (P) is considered a major constraint for crop productivity worldwide. A unique set of 266 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, originating from 29 ...countries and with diverse genetic background, were used to study P‐use efficiency. Plants were grown in pots containing sterilized river sand supplied with P at a rate of 10 μg P g−1 soil as FePO4, a poorly soluble form of P. The results showed large genotypic variation in plant growth, shoot P content, physiological P‐use efficiency, and P‐utilization efficiency in response to low P supply. Further investigation of a subset of 100 chickpea genotypes with contrasting growth performance showed significant differences in photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic P‐use efficiency. A positive correlation was found between leaf P concentration and transpiration rate of the young fully expanded leaves. For the first time, our study has suggested a role of leaf transpiration in P acquisition, consistent with transpiration‐driven mass flow in chickpea grown in low‐P sandy soils. The identification of 6 genotypes with high plant growth, P‐acquisition, and P‐utilization efficiency suggests that the chickpea reference set can be used in breeding programmes to improve both P‐acquisition and P‐utilization efficiency under low‐P conditions.
Low availability of phosphorus (P) is a major constraint for crop productivity worldwide, and there is a need to improve P‐use efficiency. Using a unique set of 266 chickpea genotypes, our study identified 6 genotypes with high P‐acquisition and P‐utilization efficiency, suggesting that the chickpea reference set can be used in breeding programs to improve P‐use efficiency under low‐P conditions. For the first time, our study has demonstrated the significance of leaf transpiration in P acquisition likely via mass flow in chickpea grown in low‐P sandy soils.
Energy efficiency, which is one of the pillars of the EU's Energy Union strategy, has been proposed as a solution, namely as a highly effective pathway to improve economic competitiveness and ...sustainability of the European economy, lower emissions, reduce energy dependency and increase security of supply, and job creation. The paper reviews the EU strategies and policies on energy efficiency and argues that further focus should be placed on industrial energy efficiency. Despite a decline in energy consumption in recent years in industry, this sector is one of the largest users of energy in the EU. Therefore, the paper reviews the extent to which the European and national policies in the selected jurisdictions, such as Italy and the UK address energy efficiency in industry and whether there are any measures in place to promote it.
•Legal certainty is required in industrial energy efficiency policies.•White Certificates play a major role in industrial energy efficiency in Italy.•Yet, constant changes in the WC regulations can act as an investment barrier.•The UK's Energy Efficiency policy is underpinned with decarbonisation of the industry.
Inovação, competitividade e eficiência estão relacionadas no âmbito industrial. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre inovação e eficiência com competitividade nos subsetores do ...PIM, e tenta responder a pergunta: a inovação e a eficiência influenciam a competitividade nos subsetores do PIM? Para isso foi coletado dados secundários da SUFRAMA e do IBGE, e utilizado método de regressão linear multivariada. Os principais resultados são que as variáveis investimento e pessoas ocupadas em inovação tiveram alto poder explicativo e foram estatisticamente significantes; enquanto a variável inovação por cooperação teve pouco poder explicativo e baixa significância estatística de influência na variável faturamento.
Transparent exploration in science invites novel discoveries by stimulating new or modified claims about hypotheses, models, and theories. In this second article of two consecutive parts, we outline ...how to explore data patterns that inform such claims. Transparent exploration should be guided by two contrasting goals: comprehensiveness and efficiency. Comprehensivenes calls for a thorough search across all variables and possible analyses as to not to miss anything that might be hidden in the data. Efficiency adds that new and modified claims should withstand severe testing with new data and give rise to relevant new knowledge. Efficiency aims to reduce false positive claims, which is better achieved if a bunch of results is reduced into a few claims. Means for increasing efficiency are methods for filtering local data patterns (e.g., only interpreting associations that pass statistical tests or using cross-validation) and for smoothing global data patterns (e.g., reducing associations to relations between a few latent variables). We suggest that researchers should condense their results with filtering and smoothing before publication. Coming up with just a few most promising claims saves resources for confirmation trials and keeps scientific communication lean. This should foster the acceptance of transparent exploration. We end with recommendations derived from the considerations in both parts: an exploratory research agenda and suggestions for stakeholders such as journal editors on how to implement more valuable exploration. These include special journal sections or entire journals dedicated to explorative research and a mandatory separate listing of the confirmed and new claims in a paper’s abstract.
At the design stage of a study, it is crucial to compute the sample size needed for treatment effect estimation with maximum precision and power. The optimal design depends on the costs, which may be ...known at the design stage, and on the outcome variances, which are unknown. A balanced design, optimal for homogeneous costs and variances, is typically used. An alternative to the balanced design is a design optimal for the known and possibly heterogeneous costs, and homogeneous variances, called costs considering design. Both designs suffer from loss of efficiency, compared with optimal designs for heterogeneous costs and variances. For 2×2 multicenter trials, we compute the relative efficiency of the balanced and the costs considering designs, relative to the optimal designs. We consider 2 heterogeneous costs and variance scenarios (in 1 scenario, 2 treatment conditions have small and 2 have large costs and variances; in the other scenario, 1 treatment condition has small, 2 have intermediate, and 1 has large costs and variances). Within these scenarios, we examine the relative efficiency of the balanced design and of the costs considering design as a function of the extents of heterogeneity of the costs and of the variances and of their congruence (congruent when the cheapest treatment has the smallest variance, incongruent when the cheapest treatment has the largest variance). We find that the costs considering design is generally more efficient than the balanced design, and we illustrate this theory on a 2×2 multicenter trial on lifestyle improvement of patients in general practices.
High-quality development stage pays more attention to the improvement of supply-side efficiency. TFP can effectively reflect the efficiency of resource allocation and is related to the sustainable ...and healthy development of economy. Based on the DEA-Malmquist index method, the data of 12 representative cities in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2019 are selected for dynamic empirical analysis of TFP. It is finded that the overall increase trend of TFP in Hubei Province during the selected period is not obvious, mainly due to the impact of technological regression. Technical efficiency has been improved, but it is not enough to make up for the "drag effect" of technological regression. Further analysis of the decomposition terms of technical efficiency shows that the improvement of scale efficiency is greater than that of pure technical efficiency. From the urban distribution characteristics of TFP improvement, the decline of TFP in most cities is the cause of the decline of TFP, and the vast majority of cities show different degrees of technological regression. The results of the empirical analysis attempt to provide policy enlightenment for the recovery of economy and regional coordinated high-quality development after the epidemic in Hubei Province .
Pyrrolidine-derived organocatalysts have been tested in two types of alpha-heterofunctionalization reactions in aqueous media or under solvent-free ball-milling conditions. The best results in terms ...of both activity and enantioselectivity were obtained with O-silylated 4-hydroxyproline derivatives in the alpha-aminoxylation reaction between n-butyraldehyde and nitrosobenzene (83% yield in water, 86% yield by ball milling and ee > 99%). A very good yield (82%) and excellent optical purity (ee > 99%) were also achieved in the alpha-hydrazination reaction of 3-phenylpropanal with dibenzyl azodicarboxylate by the ball-milling technique.
Maintaining high efficiency at high brightness levels is an exigent challenge for real‐world applications of thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (TADF‐OLEDs). Here, ...versatile indolocarbazole‐isomer derivatives are developed as highly emissive emitters and ideal hosts for TADF‐OLEDs to alleviate efficiency roll‐off. It is observed that photophysical and electronic properties of these compounds can be well modulated by varying the indolocarbazole isomers. A photoluminescence quantum yield (ηPL) approaching unity and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 25.1% are obtained for the emitter with indolo3,2‐acarbazolyl subunit. Remarkably, record‐high EQE/power efficiency of 26.2%/69.7 lm W−1 at the brightness level of 5000 cd m−2 with a voltage of only 3.74 V are also obtained using the same isomer as the host in a green TADF‐OLED. It is evident that TADF hosts with high ηPL values, fast reverse intersystem crossing processes, and balanced charge transport properties may open the path toward roll‐off‐free TADF‐OLEDs.
Versatile highly emissive thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials based on indolocarbazole isomers are developed and utilized as emitters and hosts, realizing record‐high external quantum efficiency/power efficiency of 26.2%/69.7 lm W−1 at the brightness level of 5000 cd m−2 with a voltage of only 3.74 V.
Based on the panel data of different cities in Henan Province from 2010 to 2016, DEA model with variable scale compensation and Malmquist index model are used to measure environmental efficiency from ...static and dynamic perspectives. The results show that the overall environmental efficiency of Henan Province is at a high level, the technical efficiency is slightly improved, the allocation of input factors tends to be reasonable; the environmental efficiency is rising in dynamic change, among which the influence of technological progress on the environmental efficiency of Henan Province is more critical.
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