In both their external and internal communications, organizations tend to present diversity management (DM) approaches and corporate social responsibility initiatives as a kind of morally 'good' ...organizational practice. With regard to the treatment of employees, both concepts largely assume equality to be an indicator (as well as a goal) of organizational 'goodness', e.g. in terms of equal treatment, or affording equal opportunities. Additionally, research on this issue predominantly refers to prescriptive and imperative moralities that address the initiatives themselves, and values them morally. Schopenhauer opposes these moralities by conceptualizing morality as exclusively being based on the incentives of acting instead of the actions themselves. He identifies egoism, compassion, and malice as the sole incentives for every human action, whereby only those actions solely motivated by compassion can be ascribed genuine moral worth. In this context, this article shows that from a Schopenhauerian perspective, CSR and DM initiatives only have a genuine moral worth in so far as the individuals who have initiated or supported their implementation were exclusively motivated by compassion. Stressing the narrative of a business case, if utilized as a façade for true compassion that attaches economic legitimacy to these initiatives, does not necessarily harm their moral worth. The approach and the findings developed in this paper contribute to the discourse on the ethical behavior of organizations, as well as to the discourse on CSR and DM.
The article examines two claims made by Antoine Panaïoti: (1) That both Nietzsche and Buddhists denounce the self as a misleading fiction. (2) That Buddhist compassion is close to a “compassion of ...strength” that Nietzsche approves. This article agrees with (1) and disagrees with (2). The descriptive metaphysical commitments of Nietzsche and Buddhism are subordinate to their divergent normative projects. Both reject a single, enduring, and independent self; but where Mahāyāna Buddhism advocates care or compassion toward all sentient beings, Nietzsche questions the value of compassion, holding that suffering is not bad in itself. Some recent commentators suggest that a text by the Buddhist philosopher Śāntideva offers an argument from “no‐self” to universal compassion. Nietzsche disputes this connection; and Śāntideva's Madhyamaka position, in which nothing has an intrinsic nature, cannot easily counter Nietzsche's claim that suffering is not intrinsically bad. Nietzsche's privileging of states of “becoming,” “discovering,” or “creating” oneself sets him deeply at odds with Buddhism. For Buddhists the fundamentally problematic attitude is a pre‐theoretical sense of self, “egoism,” or “self‐grasping” which is at the root of human craving. Agreeing with the philosophical claim that there is no self is not sufficient to dispel this pre‐theoretical orientation.
Should harms to different individuals be aggregated? Moderate views answer yes and no. Aggregation is appropriate in some but not all cases. Such views need to determine a threshold at which ...aggregation switches from appropriate to inappropriate. Alex Voorhoeve proposes a method for determining this threshold which links other-regarding and self-regarding ethics. This proposal, however, implies a spurious correlation between favoring aggregation and egoism.
The dark core of personality and sexism in sport Schrödter, Robin; Laborde, Sylvain; Allen, Mark S.
Personality and individual differences,
December 2021, 2021-12-00, 20211201, Letnik:
183
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Sexism is often discussed in amateur and professional sport but has rarely been the focus of scientific research. This study sought to test whether benevolent and hostile sexism relate to dark ...personality traits (the dark core of personality D) and whether benevolent and hostile sexism and D differ across age, performance levels, and athlete sex. In total, 354 German athletes (177 men, 177 women; mean age = 32.0 ± 12.6 years) completed questionnaires at a single time-point. Results showed that, compared to female athletes, male athletes scored higher on ambivalent sexism and D. No differences were found between different performance levels or age in terms of D or components of sexism. Linear regression models showed that D is a significant predictor of ambivalent sexism. Psychological Entitlement predicted hostile and benevolent sexism in women, whereas Machiavellianism, Egoism, Greed, and Amoralism-Crudality predicted hostile sexism (but not benevolent sexism) in men. These findings provide a foundation for further research into the emergence of sexism in amateur and professional sport.
•Male athletes score higher on ambivalent sexism and the dark core of personality than female athletes.•Expertise level was not linked to ambivalent sexism or D.•D significantly predicts hostile sexism in male and female athletes.
The mutual dependence of businesses and society has emphasized the growing importance of the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Despite the fact that CSR has emerged as one of the ...leading management concerns worldwide, both businesses and academia have largely ignored its application in developing countries. This study aims to fill these gaps by examining consumer perceptions of CSR and their role in the relationships between consumers' ethical ideologies (i.e., idealism and egoism) and evaluations of a company's product offerings. An empirical study among Vietnamese consumers shows that consumers perceive CSR in four dimensions—economic, ethical, philosophical, and legal. Different ethical ideologies have different effects on consumer perceptions of CSR; for example, idealism positively affects these perceptions, whereas egoism's effect is negative. Furthermore, the perceptions of CSR fully mediate the relationships between idealism/egoism and product evaluation.
The bright and dark sides of egoism Weiß, Martin; Iotzov, Vassil; Zhou, Yuqing ...
Frontiers in psychiatry,
11/2022, Letnik:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Despite its negative reputation, egoism - the excessive concern for one's own welfare - can incite prosocial behavior. So far, however, egoism-based prosociality has received little attention. Here, ...we first provide an overview of the conditions under which egoism turns into a prosocial motive, review the benefits and limitations of egoism-based prosociality, and compare them with empathy-driven prosocial behavior. Second, we summarize studies investigating the neural processing of egoism-based prosocial decisions, studies investigating the neural processing of empathy-based prosocial decisions, and the small number of studies that compared the neural processing of prosocial decisions elicited by the different motives. We conclude that there is evidence for differential neural networks involved in egoism and empathy-based prosocial decisions. However, this evidence is not yet conclusive, because it is mainly based on the comparison of different experimental paradigms which may exaggerate or overshadow the effect of the different motivational states. Finally, we propose paradigms and research questions that should be tackled in future research that could help to specify how egoism can be used to enhance other prosocial behavior and motivation, and the how it could be tamed.
Tax evasion is the illegal withholding or underpayment of taxes, typically accomplished by intentionally providing false or no evidence to tax authorities. Tax evasion has had a severe detrimental ...influence on the economy of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The Amhara Regional State lost tax revenue in recent years due to tax evasion. The objective of this study was to see how tax evasion, taxpayers' psychological egoism, and other relevant factors affect tax revenue collection performance in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected from 395 VAT-registered taxpayers through a structured questionnaire. The structural equation model and multiple regression analysis method were utilized for empirical test based on the softwares of SPSS and AMOS. This research revealed that tax evasion and psychological egoism negatively affect tax revenue collection performance. Tax education and technology significantly and positively affected tax revenue collection performance. Meanwhile, the relationships between the above factors (tax evasion, tax education, and technology) and the tax revenue collection performance are reliably mediated by taxpayers' psychological egoism. Those findings can give clues to researchers, tax experts, and policymakers for improving the tax revenue collection performance in Amhara Region. The government can enhance public education to reduce tax evasion and such misbehavior caused by taxpayers' psychological egoism. Meanwhile, the most up-to-date tax invoicing technologies, like artificial intelligence and machine learning technology should be adopted.
The hypothesis of psychological egoism is a commonplace in disciplines like economics, psychology, and biology. As an explanatory model it includes prosocial behaviour such as providing aid for ...distant strangers. But the inclusion of self‐interest in humanitarian appeals can prove difficult because the moral economy of charitable work is regulated by different standards than the liberal market economy. This paper analyses the use of self‐interest in appeals for humanitarian aid during the Russian famine of 1921–23 through the lens of modern philanthropic studies, while simultaneously assessing theories of philanthropic behaviour from a historical perspective. It points out the need for the systematic inclusion of historical experience in philanthropic research and concludes that the specific conditions surrounding the international campaign favoured the widespread use of appeals to donors' self‐interest. An ideal–typical categorisation of such appeals into four groups—national, economic, group‐specific, and psychological—is proposed as an analytical tool for similar studies.
نبذة مختصرة
إن فرضيات الأنانية النفسية شائعة في تخصصات مثل الاقتصاد وعلم النفس وعلم الأحياء. كنموذج توضيحي للأنانية النفسية، فإنها تتضمن السلوك الاجتماعي الإيجابي مثل تقديم المساعدة للغرباء البعيدين. ومع ذلك، فقد توصلت الأبحاث الخيرية إلى نتائج متباينة فيما يتعلق بفاعلية النداءات الموجهة للمصلحة الذاتية للمتبرعين. يحلل هذا المقال استخدام المصلحة الذاتية في نداءات المساعدة الإنسانية أثناء المجاعة الروسية في 1921–1923 ويشير إلى الحاجة إلى الإدراج المنهجي للتجربة التاريخية في البحث الخيري. ويخلص إلى أن الظروف المحددة المحيطة بالحملة الدولية فضلت الاستخدام الواسع النطاق لنداءات المصلحة الذاتية للمانحين. يُقترح تصنيف هذه النداءات إلى أربع مجموعات – وطنية واقتصادية ومحددة حسب المجموعة ونفسية – كأداة تحليلية لدراسات مشابهة.
كلمات مفتاحية: الإيثار، إدارة الإغاثة الأمريكية، النداءات، الإنسانية، الأنانية النفسية، الإغاثة، المجاعة الروسية، صندوق إنقاذ الطفولة، المصلحة الشخصية
摘要
利己主义心理假说在经济学、心理学和生物学等学科中很常见。作为一个解释性模型，它包括亲社会行为，例如为远程的陌生人提供帮助。然而，慈善研究发现，关于捐助者自身利益诉求的有效性方面，结果喜忧参半。本文分析了在1921–1923年俄罗斯饥荒期间呼吁人道主义援助中个人利益的运用，并指出将历史经验系统纳入慈善研究的必要性。分析结论是，国际运动的具体情况有利于迎合捐助者的自身利益的广泛运用。本文建议，将这些需求分为四类——国家、经济、特定群体和心理——作为相似研究的分析工具。
关键词 利他主义，美国救济署，呼吁，人道主义，心理利己主义，救济，俄罗斯饥荒，救助儿童基金会，自身利益
Despite the growing need, nonprofit organization marketers have not yet fully delineated the most effective ways to position charitable appeals. Across five experiments, the authors test the ...prediction that other-benefit (self-benefit) appeals generate more favorable donation support than self-benefit (other-benefit) appeals in situations that heighten (versus minimize) public self-image concerns. Public accountability, a manipulation of public self-awareness, and individual differences in public self-consciousness all moderate the effect of appeal type on donor support. In particular, self-benefit appeals are more effective when consumers' responses are private in nature; in contrast, other-benefit appeals are more effective when consumers are publicly accountable for their responses. This effect is moderated by norm salience and is related to a desire to manage impressions by behaving in a manner consistent with normative expectations. The results have important managerial implications, suggesting that rather than simply relying on one type of marketing appeal across situations, marketers should tailor their marketing message to the situation or differentially activate public self-image concerns to match the appeal type.
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