Superradiant lasers operate in the bad-cavity regime, where the phase coherence is stored in the spin state of an atomic medium rather than in the intracavity electric field. Such lasers use ...collective effects to sustain lasing and could potentially reach considerably lower linewidths than a conventional laser. Here, we investigate the properties of superradiant lasing in an ensemble of ultracold ^{88}Sr atoms inside an optical cavity. We extend the superradiant emission on the 7.5 kHz wide ^{3}P_{1}→^{1}S_{0} intercombination line to several milliseconds, and observe steady parameters suitable for emulating the performance of a continuous superradiant laser by fine tuning the repumping rates. We reach a lasing linewidth of 820 Hz for 1.1 ms of lasing, nearly an order of magnitude lower than the natural linewidth.
•This article describes the costs of Pumped Heat Energy Storage.•The technology is compared with all other major grid-scale energy storage solutions.•Levelised Costs of Storage is between 8.9 and ...11.4€ct/kWh.•The technology could prove competitive with Pumped Hydro but more flexible.•Three scenarios were considered based on a grid-scale demonstrator.
Future electricity systems which plan to use large proportions of intermittent (e.g. wind, solar or tidal generation) or inflexible (e.g. nuclear, coal, etc.) electricity generation sources require an increasing scale-up of energy storage to match the supply with hourly, daily and seasonal electricity demand profiles. Evaluation of how to meet this scale of energy storage has predominantly been based on the deployment of a handful of technologies including batteries, Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage and Power-to-Gas. However, for technical, confidentiality and data availability reasons the majority of such analyses have been unable to properly consider and have therefore neglected the potential of Pumped Heat Energy Storage, which has thus not been benchmarked or considered in a much detail relative to competitive solutions. This paper presents an economic analysis of a Pumped Heat Energy Storage system using data obtained during the development of the world’s first grid-scale demonstrator project. A Pumped Heat Energy Storage system stores electricity in the form of thermal energy using a proprietary reversible heat pump (engine) by compressing and expanding gas. Two thermal storage tanks are used to store heat at the temperature of the hot and cold gas. Using the Levelised Cost of Storage method, the cost of stored electricity of a demonstration plant proved to be between 2.7 and 5.0€ct/kWh, depending on the assumptions considered. The Levelised Cost of Storage of Pumped Heat Energy Storage was then compared to other energy storage technologies at 100MW and 400MWh scales. The results show that Pumped Heat Energy Storage is cost-competitive with Compressed Air Energy Storage systems and may be even cost-competitive with Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage with the additional advantage of full flexibility for location. As with all other technologies, the Levelised Cost of Storage proved strongly dependent on the number of storage cycles per year. The low specific cost per storage capacity of Pumped Heat Energy Storage indicated that the technology could also be a valid option for long-term storage, even though it was designed for short-term operation. Based on the resulting Levelised Cost of Storage, Pumped Heat Energy Storage should be considered a cost-effective solution for electricity storage. However, the analysis did highlight that the Levelised Cost of Storage of a Pumped Heat Energy Storage system is sensitive to assumptions on capital expenditure and round trip efficiencies, emphasising a need for further empirical evidence at grid-scale and detailed cost analysis.
The problems of Electricity Supply of Tashkent for further perspectives are being under consideration. The most exact scheme of electricity supply is taken. The Electricity Supply of the city in ...recommended.
Short term electricity load forecasting is one of the most important issue for all market participants. Short term electricity load is affected by natural and social factors, which makes load ...forecasting more difficult. To improve the forecasting accuracy, a new hybrid model based on improved empirical mode decomposition (IEMD), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and wavelet neural network (WNN) optimized by fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is proposed and compared with some other models. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed model performs well in electricity load forecasting than other comparison models.
•Advanced computational model aims at developing accurate solution techniques.•Electricity load is decomposed into regular components by improved EMD.•Different features associated with electricity load can be captured by the proposed model.•Hybrid model composed with different models performs well than singe model.
In this paper, the major benefits and challenges of electricity demand side management (DSM) are discussed in the context of the UK electricity system. The relatively low utilisation of generation ...and networks (of about 50%) means that there is significant scope for DSM to contribute to increasing the efficiency of the system investment. The importance of the diversity of electricity load is discussed and the negative effects of DSM on load diversity illustrated. Ageing assets, the growth in renewable and other low-carbon generation technologies and advances in information and communication technologies are identified as major additional drivers that could lead to wider applications of DSM in the medium term. Potential benefits of DSM are discussed in the context of generation and of transmission and distribution networks. The provision of back-up capacity by generation may not be efficient as it will be needed relatively infrequently, and DSM may be better placed to support security. We also present an analysis of the value of DSM in balancing generation and demand in a future UK electricity system with significant variable renewable generation. We give a number of reasons for the relatively slow uptake of DSM, particularly in the residential, commercial and small business sectors. They include a lack of metering, information and communication infrastructure, lack of understanding of the benefits of DSM, problems with the competitiveness of DSM when compared with traditional approaches, an increase in the complexity of system operation and inappropriate market incentives.
The traditional paradigm of centralised electricity systems is being disrupted by increasing levels of distributed generation. It is unclear as to what level of distributed generation is expected, ...appropriate or optimal in future power systems. Many researchers have focused on how to integrate distributed generation into centralised electricity systems. Such research tends to consider optimality from narrow viewpoints focused on particular aspects of the electricity network such as the distribution network within the confines of a vision of future electricity systems where centralised infrastructure remains. There is a gap in the literature in considering the role of distributed generation (DG) within the context of the entire electricity system and the wider energy sector and how it can drive the development of an electricity system to maintain a centralised approach or increase decentralisation. This paper explores the factors that influence the role of DG in future electricity systems and the existing tools that can be used to explore how these factors can impact the role of DG considering four future visions for electricity systems each with increasing levels of decentralisation. The review concludes that there is no one tool that can be used to explore all of the factors and their impact on the role of DG.
•A broad range of interconnected factors influence the future role of DG.•A review of existing tools that could be used to explore these factors is undertaken.•No one tool exists that can model all of the interconnected factors.•Coupling of existing tools is one possible method to explore factors.
In this paper, we consider the profit-maximizing demand response of an energy load in the real-time electricity market. In a real-time electricity market, the market clearing price is determined by ...the random deviation of actual power supply and demand from the predicted values in the day-ahead market. An energy load, which requires a total amount of energy over a certain period of time, has the flexibility of shifting its energy usage in time, and therefore is in perfect position to exploit the volatile real-time market price through demand response. We show that the profit-maximizing demand response strategy can be obtained by solving a finite-horizon Markov decision process (MDP) problem, which requires extremely high computational complexity due to continuous state and action spaces. To tackle the high computational complexity, we propose a dual approximate approach that transforms the MDP problem into a linear programing problem by exploiting the threshold structure of the optimal solution. Then, a row-generation-based solution algorithm is proposed to solve the problem efficiently. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that the proposed method significantly reduces the computational complexity of the optimal MDP problem (linear versus exponential complexity), while incurring marginal performance loss. More interestingly, the proposed demand response strategy hits a triple win. It not only maximizes the profit of the energy load, but also alleviates the supply-demand imbalance in the power grid, and even reduces the bills of other market participants. On average, the proposed quadratic approximation and improved row generation algorithm increases the energy load's profit by 55.9% and saves the bills of other utilities by 80.2% comparing with the benchmark algorithms.
The magnetoelectric (ME) effect, the phenomenon of inducing magnetization by application of an electric field or vice versa, holds great promise for magnetic sensing and switching applications. ...Studies of the ME effect have so far focused on the control of the electron spin degree of freedom (DOF) in materials such as multiferroics and conventional semiconductors. Here, we report a new form of the ME effect based on the valley DOF in two-dimensional Dirac materials. By breaking the three-fold rotational symmetry in single-layer MoS
via a uniaxial stress, we have demonstrated the pure electrical generation of valley magnetization in this material, and its direct imaging by Kerr rotation microscopy. The observed out-of-plane magnetization is independent of in-plane magnetic field, linearly proportional to the in-plane current density, and optimized when the current is orthogonal to the strain-induced piezoelectric field. These results are fully consistent with a theoretical model of valley magnetoelectricity driven by Berry curvature effects. Furthermore, the effect persists at room temperature, opening possibilities for practical valleytronic devices.
Tracking emissions in the US electricity system de Chalendar, Jacques A.; Taggart, John; Benson, Sally M.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
12/2019, Letnik:
116, Številka:
51
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Understanding electricity consumption and production patterns is a necessary first step toward reducing the health and climate impacts of associated emissions. In this work, the economic input–output ...model is adapted to track emissions flows through electric grids and quantify the pollution embodied in electricity production, exchanges, and, ultimately, consumption for the 66 continental US Balancing Authorities (BAs). The hourly and BA-level dataset we generate and release leverages multiple publicly available datasets for the year 2016. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of considering location and temporal effects as well as electricity exchanges in estimating emissions footprints. While increasing electricity exchanges makes the integration of renewable electricity easier, importing electricity may also run counter to climate-change goals, and citizens in regions exporting electricity from high-emission-generating sources bear a disproportionate air-pollution burden. For example, 40% of the carbon emissions related to electricity consumption in California’s main BA were produced in a different region. From 30 to 50% of the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released in some of the coal-heavy Rocky Mountain regions were related to electricity produced that was then exported. Whether for policymakers designing energy efficiency and renewable programs, regulators enforcing emissions standards, or large electricity consumers greening their supply, greater resolution is needed for electricsector emissions indices to evaluate progress against current and future goals.
An hourly energy balance analysis is presented of the Australian National Electricity Market in a 100% renewable energy scenario, in which wind and photovoltaics (PV) provides about 90% of the annual ...electricity demand and existing hydroelectricity and biomass provides the balance. Heroic assumptions about future technology development are avoided by only including technology that is being deployed in large quantities (>10 Gigawatts per year), namely PV and wind.
Additional energy storage and stronger interconnection between regions was found to be necessary for stability. Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of worldwide electricity storage, and is adopted in this work. Many sites for closed loop PHES storage have been found in Australia. Distribution of PV and wind over 10–100 million hectares, utilising high voltage transmission, accesses different weather systems and reduces storage requirements (and overall cost).
The additional cost of balancing renewable energy supply with demand on an hourly rather than annual basis is found to be modest: AU$25–30/MWh (US$19–23/MWh). Using 2016 prices prevailing in Australia, the levelised cost of renewable electricity (LCOE) with hourly balancing is estimated to be AU$93/MWh (US$70/MWh). LCOE is almost certain to decrease due to rapidly falling cost of wind and PV.
•PV and wind allow Australia to reach 100% renewable electricity rapidly at low cost.•Wide dispersion of wind and PV over 10–100 million hectares reduces cost.•Off-river pumped hydro energy storage is the cheapest form of mass storage.•There are effectively unlimited sites available in Australia.•LCOE from a 100% renewable Australian electricity system is US$70/MWh (2017 prices).
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