En 1976 se proclama la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (RASD), dentro de un proceso de descolonización, que España o posteriormente Marruecos no han llegado a permitir. En este estudio, nos ...ocuparemos de estudiar el discurso generado por el pueblo saharaui para luchar por su verdadera independencia, ahora contra la ocupación marroquí y el expolio de recursos naturales al que está sometido por parte del poder colonizador y ocupante. Para ello, nos aproximaremos a ese discurso mediante el análisis de un corpus de entrevistas semiestructuradas que escuche atentamente las voces en lucha, especialmente de las mujeres, grandes activistas para romper el embargo mediático que pretende domeñar las razones y argumentos saharauis mediante un largo proceso de silenciamiento sociolingüístico.
Abstract
Sanctions senders respond to the abrupt escalation of crises, such as the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 or the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. To react quickly, they often ...decide on coercive measures without a long-term exit strategy in mind. Similarly, research has long prioritized questions of sanctions onset and effectiveness, while studies on their termination remain scarce. In response, we reconstruct previously neglected debates about ending sanctions for the “watershed case” of the UN embargo against Iraq. Based on a conceptual framework that emphasizes a more process-oriented and signaling perspective on sanctions termination, we analyze archival data as well as governmental and UN documents. We find that the United States depicted the lifting of sanctions as an all-or-nothing question, which impeded a more gradual approach toward ending the measures. We show that senders significantly disagreed over the requirements for ending sanctions and over whether possibly signaling the end of Iraq’s isolation was politically desirable. In the second step, we then draw implications from the case of Iraq to study contemporary sanctions termination. We use novel data on the termination of all EU, UN, and US sanctions from 1990 to 2018 to explore whether the Iraq case inspired changes in senders’ approaches. We find that the use of review provisions and sunset clauses significantly increased post-Iraq. Finally, we discuss whether disagreements over termination requirements in the case of Russia risk the repetition of past pitfalls when it comes to the process of ending sanctions.
Beginning in 1961 the United States government enacted a series of laws that embargoed, or prohibited, trade and travel between the U.S. and Cuba. Because of these actions, from 1962 until August ...2016 there were no regularly scheduled commercial flights between the United States and Cuba. With improvement in relations under the Obama administration, U.S. airlines were given the green light to resume such operations. This renewed relationship has created an opportunity to examine the changes in Cuba's air transport network during the first 50 years of the embargo. This paper examines the evolution of Cuba's air transport network after losing connectivity with the U.S., and attempts to establish a baseline for future research that evaluates the air network changes resulting from regained U.S. connectivity. The paper hypothesizes that the U.S. embargo inadvertently helped create a broader air transport network for Cuba because the island was forced to seek new alliances and sources of revenue. This hypothesis is evaluated by reconstructing Cuba's air transport network using historical airline schedules between 1967 and 2017, and analyzing changes in air transport links, gateway access, and capacity. Results point to a more restricted air transport network up until the collapse of the Soviet Union; and a period of development characterized by a wider international reach, deeper penetration at home, and the internationalization of Cuba's capacity.
Government agencies routinely allow pre-release access to information to accredited news agencies under embargo agreements. Using high-frequency data, we find evidence consistent with informed ...trading during embargoes of Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) scheduled announcements. The E-mini Standard & Poor’s 500 futures’ abnormal order imbalances are in the direction of subsequent policy surprises and contain information that predicts the market reaction to the policy announcements. The estimated informed trades’ profits are arguably large. Notably, we find no evidence of informed trading prior to the start of FOMC news embargoes or during lockups ahead of nonfarm payroll, US Producer Price Index, and gross domestic product data releases.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine has forced a rapid and profound rethink of the European Union's energy supply as the Europe-Russia energy decoupling has sharply accelerated. This contribution explores ...how Europe can manage without the imports of Russian coal, crude oil, oil products, and natural gas. We quantify the supply-side gap that will arise and discuss alternative sources of supply, as well as exploring the internal and global bottlenecks that will arise with any attempt to replace Russian molecules. This exercise illustrates that demand-side measures will be necessary to reduce energy consumption, most notably of natural gas. We offer a perspective of the deeper energy integration that EU leaders must strive for to ensure that the bloc is ready for life without Russian energy. We argue that by following four key principles, the bloc will manage without Russian energy: i) bringing forward all available short run domestic supply capacities, ii) all countries making honest and ambitious efforts to reduce demand, iii) enshrining cross-border flows and the functioning of European energy trade, iv) protecting the most vulnerable consumers.
•Russia's invasion of Ukraine has forced a rethink of the EU's energy supply.•The EU has implemented an embargo on coal and will manage comfortably.•The EU's oil embargo requires complex international cooperation to be successful.•Surviving without natural gas imports requires solidarity from member states.•Policy measures are necessary to tackle the trade-offs, both global and national.
A partir del análisis de la documentación almacenada en el Archivo de Simancas relativa a los procesos por causa de contrabando practicados por la Monarquía Hispánica en aplicación de su activa ...política de embargos comerciales, se ha procedido a realizar un primer acercamiento sobre la comercialización de los productos de lujo en la Corte entre 1635 y 1673. Junto a una descripción del entramado administrativo y judicial, de los mecanismos de represión dedicados al control del comercio ilícito y de la tipología de los productos, procedencia geográfica y canales de distribución, hemos ofrecido algunas indicaciones sobre las principales vías de transgresión, la corrupción y los límites en la aplicación de los embargos. La utilización de los mercados hispanos como un arma de guerra no permitió el cierre hermético de la entrada de productos enemigos pero sirvió para obstaculizar seriamente la libre circulación de mercancías y para otorgar unas ventajas considerables a aquellos comerciantes que gozaban de la protección de la Corona. El artículo intenta también dar algunas indicaciones sobre la naturaleza de las leyes suntuarias concebidas, más que como medidas proteccionistas, como un mecanismo de restricción social destinado a otorgar a la aristocracia un acceso privilegiado al mercado de productos de lujo. Ostentación y consumo creciente de objetos suntuarios que, habida cuenta de la ausencia de un tejido productivo en la capital, fueron un componente más en el proceso de periferización de la economía castellana a la vez que reforzaron los lazos de dependencia con respecto a la comunidad de mercaderes extranjeros encargados igualmente de distribuir los excedentes agrarios de la nobleza y de facilitar créditos a la Corona.
This research aims to find out why the United States still imposes an economic embargo on Cuba even though Cuba is experiencing an economic crisis and social turmoil that occurred amid the Covid-19 ...pandemic. By using a qualitative method, which places more emphasis on observing the phenomenon and more research into the substance of the meaning of the phenomenon. The data collected comes from literature, scientific journals, and official sources that are accessed via the internet. According to McCusker, K., & Gunaydin, S. (2015), this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis. This research combines Dependency (Dependence), Andre Gunder Frank, and International Economic Sanction Theory. The purpose of this writing is, that the author tries to research and explain based on facts the reasons for the United States still imposing an economic embargo on Cuba even though Cuba is experiencing an economic crisis and social turmoil that occurred amid the Covid-19 pandemic.
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