The creation of a flexible, efficient, digitized, dependable and resilient power grid may well be the best route to increasing energy efficiency and security, as well as boosting the potential of ...renewable and distributed power sources. This book covers smart grids from A-Z, providing a complete treatment of the topic, covering both policy and technology, explaining the most recent innovations supporting its development, and clarifying how the smart grid can support the integration of renewable energy resources. Among the most important topics included are smart metering, renewable energy storage, plug-in hybrids, flexible demand response, strategies for offsetting intermittency issues, micro-grids for off-grid communities, and specific in-depth coverage of wind and solar power integration. The content draws lessons from an international panel of contributors, whose diverse experiences implementing smart grids will help to provide templates for success.
Provides critical information on the technological, design and policy issues that must be taken into account to ensure that the smart grid is implemented successfully
Demonstrates how smart grids can help utilities adhere to increased renewable portfolio standards
Provides examples of successful microgrid/smart metering projects from around the world that can act as templates for developers, operators and investors embarking upon similar projects
All forms of energy follow the law of conservation of energy, by which they can be neither created nor destroyed. Light-to-heat conversion as a traditional yet constantly evolving means of converting ...light into thermal energy has been of enduring appeal to researchers and the public. With the continuous development of advanced nanotechnologies, a variety of photothermal nanomaterials have been endowed with excellent light harvesting and photothermal conversion capabilities for exploring fascinating and prospective applications. Herein we review the latest progresses on photothermal nanomaterials, with a focus on their underlying mechanisms as powerful light-to-heat converters. We present an extensive catalogue of nanostructured photothermal materials, including metallic/semiconductor structures, carbon materials, organic polymers, and two-dimensional materials. The proper material selection and rational structural design for improving the photothermal performance are then discussed. We also provide a representative overview of the latest techniques for probing photothermally generated heat at the nanoscale. We finally review the recent significant developments of photothermal applications and give a brief outlook on the current challenges and future directions of photothermal nanomaterials.
Designed to serve as a comprehensive resource for performing energy audits in commercial facilities, this revised practical desk reference for energy engineers has been updated and expanded. All ...focal areas of the building energy audit and assessment are covered, with new chapters on water efficiency and feedback and behavior in energy management. Updated topics include compressed air, computer modeling, data center efficiency, measurement and verification, lighting, laundries, HVAC economizer savings and building vacancy along with manufacturing unit operations and calculating savings from automatic controls.
Benchmarking Analyzing Energy Use Graphs Energy Saving Opportunities by Business Type Manufacturing ECM Descriptions Utility Rate Components Automatic Control Strategies Building Operations & Maintenance Quantifying Savings Sustaining Savings Mechanical Systems Motors & Electrical Information Combustion Equipment & Systems Compressed Air Fan & Pump Drives Lighting Envelope Information Water & Domestic Water Heating Weather Data Pollution & Greenhouse Gases Formulas & Conversions Special Topics Appendix Index
Steve Doty (Colorado Springs Utilities USA) (Author)
In order to determine the economic-productive, energy and environmental impacts of wind pumping in sprinkler irrigation for garlic cultivation, the investigation was carried out at "La Cuchilla" farm ...during 2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 cycles. The mass of the bulbs was 27.47 g, 27.81 g and 27.70 g, respectively, to average 27.66 g and the diameter of the bulbs reached values of 3.92 g, 4.01 g and 3.85 g, respectively. The production volume was 231,400.00 pesos per hectare, the annual costs amounted to 18,929.77 pesos per hectare and the net benefit was 212470.23 pesos per hectare. The favorable production cost per peso of 0.08 cents with a value of 11.22 obtained in the Benefit-Cost ratio was much higher than the unit was. A multi-blade mill was utilized for pumping water instead of a LEPONO brand motorized pump, used by farmers in the region. It has a flow rate of 60 L min-1, maximum head 70 m, turning speed 3400 rpm and current intensity consumed by the 11 A motor and allowed an energy saving of 27.66 kWh corresponding to 146.77 kg of CO2 equivalent per hectare no longer emitted into the atmosphere.
In this study, composites CoFesub.2Osub.4/Fe were successfully synthesized by in situ oxidation, and their composition, structure, and magnetic properties have been investigated. According to the ...analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectrometry measure results, the cobalt ferrite insulating layer was completely coated on the surface of Fe powder particles. The evolution of the insulating layer during the annealing process has been discussed, which is correlated to effects on the magnetic properties of the composites CoFesub.2Osub.4/Fe. The amplitude permeability of the composites reached a maximum of 110, and their frequency stability reached 170 kHz with a relatively low core loss of 253.6 W/kg. Therefore, the composites CoFesub.2Osub.4/Fe has potential application in the field of integrated inductance and high-frequency motor, which is conducive to energy conservation and carbon reduction.
•Developed methods and used data models to integrate city’s public building records.•Shading from neighborhood buildings strongly influences urban building performance.•A case study demonstrated the ...workflow, simulation and analysis of building retrofits.•CityBES retrofit analysis feature provides actionable information for decision making.•Discussed significance and challenges of urban building energy modeling.
Buildings in cities consume 30–70% of total primary energy, and improving building energy efficiency is one of the key strategies towards sustainable urbanization. Urban building energy models (UBEM) can support city managers to evaluate and prioritize energy conservation measures (ECMs) for investment and the design of incentive and rebate programs. This paper presents the retrofit analysis feature of City Building Energy Saver (CityBES) to automatically generate and simulate UBEM using EnergyPlus based on cities’ building datasets and user-selected ECMs. CityBES is a new open web-based tool to support city-scale building energy efficiency strategic plans and programs. The technical details of using CityBES for UBEM generation and simulation are introduced, including the workflow, key assumptions, and major databases. Also presented is a case study that analyzes the potential retrofit energy use and energy cost savings of five individual ECMs and two measure packages for 940 office and retail buildings in six city districts in northeast San Francisco, United States. The results show that: (1) all five measures together can save 23–38% of site energy per building; (2) replacing lighting with light-emitting diode lamps and adding air economizers to existing heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are most cost-effective with an average payback of 2.0 and 4.3years, respectively; and (3) it is not economical to upgrade HVAC systems or replace windows in San Francisco due to the city’s mild climate and minimal cooling and heating loads. The CityBES retrofit analysis feature does not require users to have deep knowledge of building systems or technologies for the generation and simulation of building energy models, which helps overcome major technical barriers for city managers and their consultants to adopt UBEM.
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