Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth. In this sense, microorganisms that inhabit Antarctica environments have to be adapted to harsh conditions. Fungal strains ...affiliated with Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla have been recovered from terrestrial and marine Antarctic samples. They have been used for the bioprospecting of molecules, such as enzymes. Many reports have shown that these microorganisms produce cold-adapted enzymes at low or mild temperatures, including hydrolases (e.g. α-amylase, cellulase, chitinase, glucosidase, invertase, lipase, pectinase, phytase, protease, subtilase, tannase, and xylanase) and oxidoreductases (laccase and superoxide dismutase). Most of these enzymes are extracellular and their production in the laboratory has been carried out mainly under submerged culture conditions. Several studies showed that the cold-adapted enzymes exhibit a wide range in optimal pH (1.0-9.0) and temperature (10.0-70.0 °C). A myriad of methods have been applied for cold-adapted enzyme purification, resulting in purification factors and yields ranging from 1.70 to 1568.00-fold and 0.60 to 86.20%, respectively. Additionally, some fungal cold-adapted enzymes have been cloned and expressed in host organisms. Considering the enzyme-producing ability of microorganisms and the properties of cold-adapted enzymes, fungi recovered from Antarctic environments could be a prolific genetic resource for biotechnological processes (industrial and environmental) carried out at low or mild temperatures.
Introduction: Mycotic keratitis is one of the commonest causes of eye infections especially in male which works mainly in outdoor. Filamentous fungi (mould-like fungi) were the common cause of ...Mycotic keratitis and common presentations seen in developing countries. The aim of present study assess predisposing factors and microbial profile of Mycotic keratitis in central India. Methods: The study was conducted in the collaboration of Department of Microbiology and Ophthalmology in G. R. Medical College, Gwalior, India. Samples were collected from corneal scraping by sterile cotton swab and inoculated on culture media Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) for fungal culture. Material obtained from corneal scrapping also performed 10% KOH mount preparation, gram’s staining and Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) mount. Identification of fungal isolates was done by colony morphology, growth characteristics and relevant standard tests. Results: A total of 237 out of 740 (32%) fungal isolates was obtained from suspected patients of Mycotic keratitis, out of which Fusarium species (33.2%) was the most predominant followed by Curvularia species (21.9%) and Aspergillus species (16.7%), Ocular trauma was the key predisposing factors. Conclusion: Trauma was the key predisposing factor of keratitis because of filamentous fungi. The commonestcausative agent of fungal keratitis in current study was Fusarium species followed by Curvularia species. Early proper diagnosis and management of fungal keratitis reduces the ophthalmic morbidity and mortality
•Fungal cell factories for fuels and chemicals.•Engineering strategies for efficient enzyme secretion for lignocellulose hydrolysis.•Transcription regulator engineering for enhancing lignocellulose ...degradation.
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
The study aimed to evaluate the use of increasing levels of defatted rice bran fermented by Rhizopus oryzae in the diets of juveniles of mullet fish Mugil liza, assessing growth parameters, proximal ...carcass composition, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in the liver and intestine. Six experimental diets were formulated: a control treatment without rice bran, a second treatment with the inclusion of 200 g kg−1 of defatted rice bran without fermentation (DRB200), and the remaining treatments received diets with the inclusion of 100, 200, 300, or 400 g kg−1 of fermented bran. The experimental design used 216 mullet juveniles (2.10 ± 0.04 g) randomly distributed in a recirculation system composed of 18 tanks, divided into six treatments and three replications, with 12 fish per experimental unit. During the experiment, fish were fed ad libitum three times a day, for 50 days. No mortalities were recorded during the experimentation. The performance variables showed that an inclusion equal or higher than 200 g kg−1 of fermented rice bran resulted in decreased growth. Furthermore, in carcass proximal composition, the lipid content decreased with higher inclusion levels of fermented rice bran and the control treatment showed the highest lipid content, while the ash content of fish carcasses increased with the higher inclusion of the tested ingredient. No differences were recorded for TBARS in the liver and intestine. According to the results, we recommend a maximum inclusion of 100 g kg−1 fermented rice bran in diets for M. liza juveniles.
•Fermentation of rice bran by Rhizopus oryzae fungus improved by 32% the amount of protein.•Defatted Rice Bran fermented can be included up to 100 g kg−1 for mullet without compromising growth performance.•Inclusions equal to or greater than 200 g kg-1 have an adverse effect on growth, but not on flesh quality.
Fungi for future foods Barzee, Tyler J.; Cao, Lin; Pan, Zhongli ...
Journal of future foods,
September 2021, 2021-09-00, 2021-09-01, Letnik:
1, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The rapid growth of human civilizations has led to imminent pressures to develop new food products with increased nutritional characteristics and decreased environmental footprints. Filamentous ...fungi, a class of microorganisms that have been utilized in a wide variety of foods for thousands of years, have recently garnered widespread attention in research communities and commercial ventures seeking to explore new and innovative applications in a diverse array of food products including, but not limited to, their more established applications as alternative proteins. Technological advances in the cultivation and processing of filamentous fungi have created new frontiers in the control of textures, flavors, and nutritional properties of fungi-based foods. This review highlights technological advances in the production of fungi-based foods from cultivation to product manufacturing, presents the current state of the art in fungi-based food products, and offers thoughts on their future trajectories. Emphasis is given to circular bioprocessing concepts for the sustainable utilization of agricultural and food processing byproducts.
Lignocellulolytic enzymes play a crucial role in efficiently converting lignocellulose into valuable platform molecules in various industries. However, they are limited by their production yields, ...costs, and stability. Consequently, their production by producers adapted to local environments and the choice of low-cost raw materials can address these limitations. Due to the large amounts of olive stones (OS) generated in Morocco which are still undervalued, Penicillium crustosum, Fusarium nygamai, Trichoderma capillare, and Aspergillus calidoustus, are cultivated under different fermentation techniques using this by-product as a local lignocellulosic substrate. Based on a multilevel factorial design, their potential to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes during 15 days of dark incubation was evaluated. The results revealed that P. crustosum expressed a maximum total cellulase activity of 10.9 IU/ml under sequential fermentation (SF) and 3.6 IU/ml of β-glucosidase activity under submerged fermentation (SmF). F. nygamai recorded the best laccase activity of 9 IU/ml under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Unlike T. capillare, SF was the inducive culture for the former activity with 7.6 IU/ml. A. calidoustus produced, respectively, 1,009 μg/ml of proteins and 11.5 IU/ml of endoglucanase activity as the best results achieved. Optimum cellulase production took place after the 5th day under SF, while ligninases occurred between the 9th and the 11th days under SSF. This study reports for the first time the lignocellulolytic activities of F. nygamai and A. calidoustus. Furthermore, it underlines the potential of the four fungi as biomass decomposers for environmentally-friendly applications, emphasizing the efficiency of OS as an inducing substrate for enzyme production.
Expression of recombinant antibodies Frenzel, André; Hust, Michael; Schirrmann, Thomas
Frontiers in immunology,
01/2013, Letnik:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody ...generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
This review discusses the wealth of information available for the
N. crassa
cell wall. The basic organization and structure of the cell wall is presented and how the wall changes during the
N. crassa
...life cycle is discussed. Over forty cell wall glycoproteins have been identified by proteomic analyses. Genetic and biochemical studies have identified many of the key enzymes needed for cell wall biogenesis, and the roles these enzymes play in cell wall biogenesis are discussed. The review includes a discussion of how the major cell wall components (chitin, β-1,3-glucan, mixed β-1,3-/ β-1,4- glucans, glycoproteins, and melanin) are synthesized and incorporated into the cell wall. We present a four-step model for how cell wall glycoproteins are covalently incorporated into the cell wall. In
N. crassa
, the covalent incorporation of cell wall glycoproteins into the wall occurs through a glycosidic linkage between lichenin (a mixed β-1,3-/β-1,4- glucan) and a “processed” galactomannan that has been attached to the glycoprotein N-linked oligosaccharides. The first step is the addition of the galactomannan to the N-linked oligosaccharide. Mutants affected in galactomannan formation are unable to incorporate glycoproteins into their cell walls. The second step is carried out by the enzymes from the GH76 family of α-1,6-mannanases, which cleave the galactomannan to generate a processed galactomannan. The model suggests that the third and fourth steps are carried out by members of the GH72 family of glucanosyltransferases. In the third step the glucanosyltransferases cleave lichenin and generate enzyme/substrate intermediates in which the lichenin is covalently attached to the active site of the glucanosyltransferases. In the final step, the glucanosyltransferases attach the lichenin onto the processed galactomannans, which creates new glycosidic bonds and effectively incorporates the glycoproteins into the cross-linked cell wall glucan/chitin matrix.
The antimicrobial potential of three abundantly available fruits peel waste, (orange, yellow lemon and banana) was evaluated on wide range of microorganisms. Three solvents methanol, ethyl acetate, ...ethanol and distilled water were used for extraction. The resultant extracts were used to test a six gram positive and six gram negative pathogenic bacteria in addition to two microscopic filamentous fungi (MFF) and two yeast species. Presence of trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and GC-MS Analysis was carried out to find out the total phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well-bore method, reflected by the diameter of the zones of growth inhibition. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined to confirm the antimicrobial potential of extracts and get quantitative results. Results shows that among the used solvents the extracts exhibited better performance in the order of Distilled water > Methanol > Ethanol > Ethyl acetate which reflects the suitability of solvent for fruit peel extraction. Effectiveness of fruit peel extracts was evaluated and found Yellow lemon > Orange > Banana peel. It was found that gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to the extracts and among them Klebsiella pneumoniae show the highest sensitivity against extract of yellow lemon peel and show the highest zone of inhibition (28 ± 1.4 mm to 3.5 ± 1.3 mm). Similarly, the MIC value was found to be 130 µg/mL which is the least value among other tested microorganisms. This may be attributed to the presence of high concentrations of zinc, magnesium and total phenolic content in the extract of yellow lemon peel. As multidrug resistant strains of microorganisms are emerging and treatment of their infection is becoming difficult with time, infectious diseases are a global cause of increase in death rate. Present study confirms the potential of studied fruit peel waste to be used for therapeutic purpose to combat the multidrug resistant microorganism infection. This will also result in reduction of waste material, reusing it for beneficial purpose in an economical and environmental friendly manner.
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