El cierre de los mercados internacionales para la producción agraria argentina, consecuencia de la crisis internacional de 1929, obligó al Estado a implantar una serie de medidas alternativas ...regulatorias de la producción y mercado internistas. Estas prácticas políticas fueron acompañadas por campañas publicitarias que apuntaban a identificar consumo de productos nacionales con una nueva versión del patriotismo. Este artículo se propone realizar algunos aportes sobre esa cuestión, centrándose en las formas en que el Estado nacional -a través del Ministerio de Agricultura- y la dirigencia política y empresarial de la provincia de Mendoza elaboraron la imagen de la Argentina frutícola, productora de uvas de mesa, naranjas y manzanas para el consumo interno, a la vez que la promovían proyectándola como un novedoso renglón de las exportaciones argentinas.
Stone fruits and pome fruits are cultivated commercially worldwide. In India, they are grown in temperate regions, which mainly includes Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and some ...North-Eastern states. In this study, an attempt has been made to identify the Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) infecting stone and pome fruits in India and to characterise them on the molecular level. Surveys were conducted in the temperate fruit-growing areas and incidence of PNRSV was detected by serological and molecular means in almond, apple, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum and wild cherry. Further diversity analysis of PNRSV was performed using bioinformatics tools such as clustalW, DNA Data Bank of Japan, MultAlin and Recombination Detection Programme. PNRSV was detected in plum, peach, cherry, almond, nectarine, wild cherry and apple. In the diversity analysis study on the basis of coat protein gene, it was found that the isolates showed identity levels from 82 to 100%. In a plum isolate, a stretch of amino acids from 207 to 221 was found variable from Indian and other isolates. In one of the Indian apple isolates, “NR” repeats at 41–44 position (characteristic of PV-32 group, Group I) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Indian isolates are falling in Group-I. Movement protein was also amplified from peach and multiple alignment studies showed that N-terminus was mostly conserved, whereas the C-terminal was highly variable.
Minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers in fruit growing is a target not just for integrated fruit production, but also to maintain a safe environment. To evaluate the possibility of application ...of swine manure instead of mineral fertilizers in hazelnut orchards, a trial has been carried out and the preliminary results after two years of trial are presented. The trial has been conducted in a hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) orchard in Cuneo province, following a randomized block design with three replications of the following treatments: slurry, covered slurry (incorporated in the soil), solid fraction, and mineral fertilization. A not fertilized thesis has been added as test, in order to quantify the effect of the different fertilization treatments above the existing nutrient content of the field. The quantity of fertilizing material required was calculated in order to reach the same nutrient value for all the treatments (80 kg N/ha, 30 kg P2O5/ha, 80 kg K2O/ha). The productivity of each replication was evaluated using an adapted fixed area plot sampling method. Results from both productive and qualitative parameters were analysed by ANOVA. The two years’ trial did not influence significantly the productive and qualitative parameters. Further trials will allow to confirm or not these preliminary results.
The region of Oltenia has suitable ecological conditions and tradition in plum culture. The plum production share of Oltenia is over 16.8% (84800 t) out of the total plum production of Romania, which ...is 504 000 t in average (1998 to 2008). Out of the Oltenia counties (Dolj, Gorj, Olt, Vâlcea and Mehedinţi), Vâlcea has 38.2% of the plum production and a national share of 6.4%. Plum production in Oltenia is concentrated in 9 micro zones or fruit growing basins which have vocation and high competitively. The main important micro zones are: Râmnicu Vâlcea, Horezu, Drăgăşani - Bălceşti, Târgu Jiu - Polovragi, Strehaia - Amaradia. The plum cultivar assortment structure was established depending on: production capacity and environment influence on genotypes, fruit quality, blooming time, pollination and fruit set, resistance or tolerance to diseases and especially Plum Pox Virus (PPV), etc. The cultivars assortments were proposed depending on fruit use in correlation with environmental conditions, market demands and domestic and international trade standards: Cultivars for fresh consumption: 'Centenar' (20% share), 'Carpatin' (15%), 'Stanley' (20%), 'Anna Späth' (15%), 'Alina' (10%), 'Tuleu Gras' (10%), ‘Tita’ (5%), 'Silvia' (3%), other cultivars (2%); Cultivars for drying: 'Agen 707' (50%), 'Andreea' (30%), ‘Anna Späth' (10%), other cultivars (10%); Cultivars for processing (jam, compote, etc.): 'Agen 707' (20%), 'Andreea' (20%), 'Vânăt românesc cl. 4’ (20%), 'Stanley' (20%), other cultivars (20%). The structure of the assortments function of fruit use is divided as following: Cultivar assortment for fresh consumption (35%); Cultivar assortment for drying (25%); Cultivar assortment for processing (40%). As result of this structure of assortments the share of cultivar propagation into nurseries is: 'Agen 707' (21%), 'Andreea' (16%), 'Stanley' (15%), 'Anna Späth' (8%), 'Centenar' (7% share), 'Vânăt Românesc cl. 4’ (8%), 'Carpatin' (6%), 'Tuleu Gras' (4%), 'Alina' (4%), 'Tita' (2%), other cultivars (9%).
Pruning is an unavoidable necessity of virtually all arboreal fruit crops. In the tropics and subtropics, pruning of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is particularly important due to its tendency for ...frequent flushes, especially in humid tropics. Commercial orchards must maintain control of both tree size and orchard productivity in order to remain productive. Tip, formation, and severe pruning can be used in a variety of circumstances to produce predictable and useful results for a variety of purposes. For example, tip pruning can be used to encourage frequent flushing and branching of young trees to bring them into commercial production years earlier than if left alone. It can also stimulate timely flushes of lateral stems in an annual program to maintain tree size and prepare trees for synchronous flowering. Formation pruning shapes trees in an overgrown orchard to receive the maximum amount of light for high productivity and sets them up for annual pruning in a flowering management program. Severe pruning coupled with subsequent tip pruning of huge, nonproductive trees facilitates rapid restoration of orchard production. Each of these types of pruning can be used to get mango trees into production quickly and thereafter maintain maximum annual production while maintaining their desired size.
‘Cerasiforne’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown in soilless potting media contained different substrate formulas including 25:25:50 volume ratio of acid-washed (AWR) or non-washed ...shredded rubber (NAWR):vermiculite or zeolite:perlite. Additionally, plants were grown in a peat:perlite substrate. Plants grown in media containing AWR had greater root and shoot dry weight and fruit production than those grown in the NAWR media or the peat:perlite substrate. Fruit zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration of plants grown in AWR-containing media was significantly lower than those grown in NAWR-containing media. Plants grown in the presence of waste rubber accumulated greater Zn in their shoots compared to those grown in the peat: perlite media. Acid washing of rubber significantly reduced shoot Zn concentration. Shredded waste rubber might be used as a component of container media in production of hydroponically-grown tomato; however, acid-washing of rubber is required to prevent potential Zn toxicity for plant.
Preplant fumigants and nematode-resistant rootstocks were evaluated as alternatives to methyl bromide in a vineyard replant situation. Two months after fumigation, Thompson Seedless on its own roots, ...Merlot on 1103 Paulsen rootstock, and Thompson Seedless on Freedom rootstock were planted. The study revealed that 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin (578 kg/ha shank injected), iodomethane plus chloropicrin (515 kg/ha shank injected or 448 kg/ha drip applied), and propargyl bromide (221 kg/ha shank injected or 207 kg/ha drip applied) generally controlled root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and citrus (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) nematodes as well as methyl bromide (507 kg/ha shank injected) over an 8-year evaluation period. Sodium azide (336 kg/ha drip applied followed with either a water cap or tarp), metam sodium (124 kg/ha applied with microspray sprinklers), and chloropicrin alone (448 kg/ha drip applied) were less effective. In general, the effect of fumigants on nematode control was very evident in the own-rooted Thompson Seedless. The 1103P rootstock was partially tolerant to root-knot and citrus nematodes for the first 3 to 4 years, respectively, before nematode populations began to rebuild. In contrast, Freedom rootstock proved to be highly resistant and kept root-knot nematode populations low during the 8-year evaluation. However, preplant fumigation is still likely to be required in fields where citrus nematodes are present. Application of propargyl bromide and replanting with Merlot on 1103P rootstock was the only fumigant-rootstock combination that resulted in grape yield similar to methyl bromide. However, this effect was observed only during the first four years of fruit production. The other fumigant and cultivar combinations did not result in yield differences compared to the untreated control.
Molecular biology techniques have become indispensable tools in various areas of research and routine applications. In South Tyrol (northern Italy), molecular methods have been applied to the field ...of fruit growing over the last decade, and the main applications have been related to plant pathology and identification of apple cultivars. This review article illustrates how the implementation of existing methods and the development of new assays have contributed to gain more insights about the spread and epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases affecting apple trees and grapevine in South Tyrol, to identify and characterise the causal agents of newly emerging disorders, or to describe the local genetic diversity of the apple.
The situation concerning the authorization of Plantomycin is becoming more critical but at present it is the only helpful plant protection measurement against fire blight. An alternative solution is ...the cultivation of fire blight resistant cultivars. Worldwide early-, midseason and late ripening resistant cultivars were selected, which are used in plantations for processing and in home gardening in a large scale. For the farmers plantations it needs compromises between the business groups and chain of retail shops for fruit and the producer for a long-term change of assortments. It is at present hardly conceivable. Nevertheless some fire blight resistant or less susceptible cultivars are presented to inspire the discussion.
Trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to examine the relationship between photoperiod and temperature in commercial production of two everbearing strawberry cultivars. Specifically, two experiments ...were conducted to determine: 1) the extent of flowering and runnering in the everbearing strawberry cultivar Charlotte as influenced by night-interruption using incandescent lights, or no night-interruption; and 2) the influence of temperature and night-interruption on flowering and runnering of the everbearing cultivar Portola in 2010. The 2009 trial was conducted in a glasshouse, while the 2010 trial was conducted on a table-top system. In both trials, the influence of pre-harvest night-interruption lighting or night-interruption lighting + temperature on fruit yield, cropping pattern, and runnering were investigated. The results demonstrate that use of night-interruption can result in increased fruit production and earlier fruit production of the second fruit cycle and a reduced stolon development for both cultivars. Both cultivars were sensitive to long-day treatments. It appears that an appropriate lighting strategy is required for optimizing yields of everbearing cultivars in Northern European environments.
PDF
