Although, the basic concept of a fuel cell is quite simple, creating new designs and optimizing their performance takes serious work and a mastery of several technical areas. PEM Fuel Cell Modeling ...and Simulation Using Matlab, provides design engineers and researchers with a valuable tool for understanding and overcoming barriers to designing and building the next generation of PEM Fuel Cells. With this book, engineers can test components and verify designs in the development phase, saving both time and money. Easy to read and understand, this book provides design and modelling tips for fuel cell components such as: modelling proton exchange structure, catalyst layers, gas diffusion, fuel distribution structures, fuel cell stacks and fuel cell plant. This book includes design advice and MATLAB and FEMLAB codes for Fuel Cell types such as: polymer electrolyte, direct methanol and solid oxide fuel cells. This book also includes types for one, two and three dimensional modeling and two-phase flow phenomena and microfluidics.
Fuel cell coupled with biomass-derived fuel processor can convert renewable energy into a useful form in an environmental-friendly and CO
2-neutral manner. It is considered as one of the most ...promising energy supply systems in the future. Biomass-derived fuels, such as ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, glycerol, and biogas, can be fed to a fuel processor as a raw fuel for reforming by autothermal reforming, steam reforming, partial oxidation, or other reforming methods. Catalysts play an important role in the fuel processor to convert biomass fuels with high hydrogen selectivity. The processor configuration is another crucial factor determining the application and the performance of a biomass fuel processing system. The newly developed monolithic reactor, micro-reactor, and internal reforming technologies have demonstrated that they are robust in converting a wide range of biomass fuels with high efficiency. This paper provides a review of the biomass-derived fuel processing technologies from various perspectives including the feedstock, reforming mechanisms, catalysts, and processor configurations. The research challenges and future development of biomass fuel processor are also discussed.
•High-temperature fuel cells as CO2 concentrators are presented.•Developments of high-temperature fuel cell integrated CO2 capture processes are reviewed.•Technical and economic evaluations on fuel ...cell hybrid systems with CO2 capture are discussed.•Challenges and future prospects of fuel cell with CO2 capture are suggested.
High-temperature fuel cells and their hybrid systems represent one of the most promising technologies with high conversion efficiency. The configuration of such kind of system could facilitate an easy capture of CO2. Several novel CO2 capture strategies have been developed based on high-temperature fuel cells, such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC). However, related review which focus on their system integration and performance evaluation is still rare. The aim of this study is to improve interest in high-temperature fuel cell with CO2 capture by providing an overview of the status of such kind of cutting-edge technologies. To approach this goal, the major strategies and technologies for fuel cells and their hybrid system with CO2 capture have been reviewed. Simultaneously, the characteristics of fuel cell technologies are summarized and the technical and economic performance of the fuel cell with CO2 capture are explored and discussed as well. The existing challenges that required to be overcome in fuel cell with CO2 capture technology are highlighted with aspects on fuel cell module scale-up, cost, safety, reliability and capture energy, etc. Finally, opportunities for the future development of high-temperature fuel cell with CO2 capture technologies are discussed. The conclusion remarks of this investigation indicate that fuel cell integrating CO2 capture process is a promising route to sustainable future, and could even be more effective if fuel cell technology can be commercialized.
Exploring how to counteract the world's energy insecurity and environmental pollution, this volume covers the production methods, properties, storage, engine tests, system modification, ...transportation and distribution, economics, safety aspects, applications, and material compatibility of alternative fuels. The esteemed editor highlights the importance of moving toward alternative fuels and the problems and environmental impact of depending on petroleum products. Each self-contained chapter focuses on a particular fuel source, including vegetable oils, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, hydrogen, electric, fuel cells, and fuel from nonfood crops.
•Effects of nano-additives in diesel and biodiesel fuel reviewed in detail.•Preparation of nanofluids and characterization methods are discussed.•Stability and combustion aspects of the ...nano-additives are presented.•Nano-additives improves engine performance and reduces emissions.•Discussion on challenges faced by nanoparticles as fuel additive.
Biodiesel is an unsurpassed alternative fuel source intended to extend the value to fossil fuels, and the longevity and cleanliness of diesel engines. It reduces the dependence on the foreign fuels and reduces the greenhouse gas emissions due to its closed carbon cycle. The plentiful advantages of biodiesel are overcome by few drawbacks such as the increase in the nitrogen oxide emission, its incompatibility with cold weatherconditions, and the regular intervals of engine parts replacement such as fuel filters, fuel tanks and fuel lines due to clogging. There is a further scope for enhancement in fuel properties and to overcome the drawbacks by addition of nanoparticles as fuel additives. Recent researches on fuel additives indicated the inclusion of nano-sized particles (metallic, non-metallic, oxygenated, organic and combination) with diesel-biodiesel fuel emulsion. The results achieved demonstrated an improvement in the thermophysical properties, enhancement in the heat transfer rate, and stabilization of the fuel mixtures. Also, there was an increase in the engine performance parameters and reduction in the exhaust emissions depending on the dosage of nanofluid additives. This review paper includes the methods for preparation of nanofluids, the stability enhancement of nanofluids by various technique, several characterization methods to find the chemical bonding, nanoparticle shape, and size, dispersion of nano-additives in liquid fuel, the health effects, and applications of nanoparticles in the automotive industry.
The numerous literature reviewed had some degree of indistinct and inconsistent outcomes. The experimental results from the various researchers were not generalized to reach a general accord regarding this innovative approach of fuel adulteration. The present work summarizes the literature from most recent articles on nanoparticles as a liquid fuel additive. The effect of dispersion of several nanoparticles on the enhancement in the performance characteristics and reduction in emission of a CI engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends are discussed. The further scope suggests the development of an economically sustainable and feasible nanoparticle additive for diesel and biodiesel fuel. Nevertheless, few obstacles and challenges which have been recognized in this review must be addressed before they can be fully put into practice in the industrial applications.
•The degradation issues related to SOFCs operating on hydrogen substitutes are critically analyzed.•Effective approaches to improve cell durability are comprehensively reviewed from perspectives of ...thermodynamics, kinetics and structure.•Remaining challenges and future promises of alternative fuels-fed SOFCs are outlined.
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising clean and efficient power generation devices. Unlike low temperature fuel cells, SOFCs could run on various alternative fuels such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, solid carbon and ammonia. Currently, several excellent reviews on SOFC developments are available in the literature but a review dedicated to alternative fuels-fed SOFCs is lacking. Herein, we comprehensively review the electrochemical performances and stabilities of SOFCs operating on various fuels. Although comparable maximum power densities to hydrogen were frequently obtained, some degradation problems induced by these fuels influence the long-term stable operation of SOFCs. Therefore, degradation mechanisms are firstly demonstrated, followed by potential strategies from three perspectives of thermodynamics, kinetics and structure to solve degradation issues. It is found that suitable operating conditions, advanced anode materials or optimized anode structures are likely to enhance the cell life span and performance. Besides, remaining challenges and future prospects of SOFCs fed by each fuel are separately elaborated for further improvements. Generally, the new engineering designs, material developments and latest knowledge presented in this review could provide useful guidance for the development and practical commercialization of SOFCs using promising alternative fuels.
•Hybrid combined engine contains gas turbine, fuel cell, and on-board hydrogen production.•Five alternative fuels are included in fueling system.•The hybrid combined engine produces 7211 kW power ...double than of gas turbine engine.•The thermal and exergy efficiencies can reach to 48% and 50%, respectively.•The GHG emissions are dropped to more than 70% using alternative fuels.
Transportation emissions from fossil fuels and low efficiency engines significantly contribute to global warming. One way to mitigate this is to develop more efficient engines and use sustainable fuels. This paper presents a novel hybrid locomotive engine to replace the EMD 16-710G3 engine used for Canada’s rail transportation. It consists of a gas turbine instead of an internal combustion engine, solid oxide fuel cell with steam reformer and water gas shift reactor, and thermoelectric generator and absorption refrigeration system for energy recovery, and onboard hydrogen production using aluminum electrolysis cell and proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The used fuels are methanol, hydrogen, methane, ethanol, and dimethyl ether rather than diesel fuel. This integrated system is investigated thermodynamically to evaluate the energy performance. The system performance is increased from 40% to 48% and 50% of energy and exergetic efficiencies, while the total power is increased from 3383 kW to 7211 kW using a methane and hydrogen blended fuel. Also, the engine has an efficiency above 60% using a dimethyl ether and hydrogen blend. Using alternative fuels helps reduce CO2 emissions by 50% for the methane and hydrogen blend and more than 70% for the other blends, such as ethanol and dimethyl ether blended with hydrogen. The proposed engine can potentially be applied to improve the overall system performance and reduce the environmental impact.
This paper reviews the history of fuel cells. Its follows the path from the invention of the fuel cell up to present days. Fuel cell types as well as their advantages, disadvantages and principal ...applications nowadays are explained. History teaches once again that devices perceived by the public as recent inventions, are actually the product of many years (almost two centuries in this case) of arduous research.
Environmental deterioration, global climate change, and consequent increases in pollution-related health problems among populations have been attributed to growing consumption of fossil fuels in ...particular by the transportation sector. Hence, replacing these energy carriers, also known as major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions, with biofuels have been regarded as a solution to mitigate the above-mentioned challenges. On the other hand, efforts have been put into limiting the utilization of edible feedstocks for biofuels production, i.e., first generation biofuels, by promoting higher generations of these eco-friendly alternatives. In light of that, the present review is aimed at comprehensively assessing the role and importance of microorganisms such as bacteria and yeasts as catalysts for sustainable production of liquid biofuels including bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, bio-ammonia, biokerosene, and bioglycerol. Various aspects of these biofuels, i.e., background, chemical synthesis, microbial production (including exploitation of wild and metabolically-engineered species), and product recovery as well as the derivatives produced from these biofuels which are used as fuel additives are thoroughly covered and critically discussed. Furthermore, the industrial features of these green liquid fuels including the industrial practices reported in the literature and the challenges faced as well as possible approaches to enhance these practices are presented.
Review of propulsion systems on LNG carriers Fernández, Ignacio Arias; Gómez, Manuel Romero; Gómez, Javier Romero ...
Renewable & sustainable energy reviews,
January 2017, 2017-01-00, Letnik:
67
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Vessel ozone depleting emission regulations are regulated in Annex VI of the MARPOL Convention, wherein the maximum levels of NOx, SOx and suspended particles are established. These increasingly ...strict regulations, together with the increase in natural gas consumption and its price, have conditioned propulsion systems implemented on board vessels.
This article reviews the different propulsion systems used on board vessels for the transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The study describes the main characteristics of the propulsion systems, and the advantages and drawbacks that come along with these, from its very beginnings up to the systems installed to date. The described propulsion systems include both gas and steam turbines, combined cycles, 2 and 4 stroke internal combustion engines, as well as reliquefaction plants, while encompassing mechanical, electric and Dual Fuel (DF) technology systems.
The propulsion systems implemented have undergone continual alteration in order to adjust to market needs, which were always governed by both efficiency and the possibility of consuming boil-off gas (BOG), always in compliance with the strict antipollution regulations in force.
The current direction of LNG vessel propulsion systems is the installation of 2-stroke DF low pressure engines due to their high efficiency and their possibility of installing a BOG reliquefaction plant. Another great advantage of this propulsion system is its compliance with the IMO TIER III emission regulations, without the need to install any supplementary gas treatment system.
PDF