Flooding induced uplift for abandoned coal mines is monitored mainly by satellite data and geodetic levelling. Predictions are based on empirical formulas, but nowadays numerical simulation ...procedures provide an interesting alternative, because it is physically based and allows to consider complex mining, geological and hydrological conditions. According to the key driving mechanisms, the uplift process can be classified as either confined/unconfined (in respect to the mine water), isolated/connected (in respect to ponds) and with/without faults (in respect to the tectonic situation). The paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of monitoring and prediction of flooding induced uplift of abandoned coal mines. A workflow for using numerical simulations as tools for prediction of flooding induced uplift is proposed.
•Comprehensive review on flooding induced uplift for abandoned coal mines.•Summarizing empirical and numerical simulation approaches to study and predict flooding induced uplift.•Classifications of uplift processes.•Proposing a general flowchart to conduct numerical simulations to predict flooding induced uplift.
Central and eastern United States (CEUS) have experienced large intraplate earthquakes. Yet, at present there is no comprehensive model to explain stresses, strain, and seismicity in this intraplate ...setting. Models to explain the intraplate stresses in CEUS include glacio‐isostatic adjustment, ridge push effects, local stresses along preexisting fracture zones, and large‐scale convection. In this paper, we present a self‐consistent model of the dynamics of CEUS that explains the stress field responsible for these intraplate earthquakes. The earthquakes represent slow, ongoing deformation associated with forces arising from a combination of lithosphere topography and structure, together with the effects of density‐driven mantle flow. Using GPS data, we calculate strain rates that are likely to arise from tectonic effects and conclude that intraplate strain rates associated with tectonic effects are unlikely to exceed 1 × 10−9 year−1. We test several models of lateral viscosity variations by comparing model stress orientation output with earthquake moment tensors,
SHmax directions from stress inversion, and P axes of earthquakes. A model that satisfies stress and earthquake constraints and also strain rate magnitude constraints requires high viscosity (1025 Pa·s) craton and old oceanic lithosphere of the western Atlantic block and weaker (5 × 1024 Pa·s) accreted Appalachian terrane. Other strength contrasts within the lithosphere are likely present. Incorporation of these into future models using constraints from seismology, along with refined geodetic measurements and improved estimates of crust and upper mantle densities, is needed to further refine long‐term dynamic models and better evaluate the hazards associated with this very slow, ongoing permanent deformation within the eastern and central United States.
Key Points
GPE gradients and coupling with large‐scale mantle flow generate stresses responsible for intraplate earthquakes in North America
Intraplate strain rates in CEUS are dominated by GIA, but those associated with tectonic effects are unlikely to exceed 1 x 10‐9 year‐1
First‐order strength contrasts in the lithosphere are needed to satisfy stress and strain indicators from earthquakes
Interseismic deformation describes the gradual accumulation of crustal strain within the tectonic plate and along the plate boundaries before the sudden release as earthquakes. In this study, we use ...5 years of high spatial and temporal geodetic measurements, including Global Navigation Satellite System and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar to monitor 3‐dimension interseismic crustal deformation and horizontal strain rate in Taiwan. We find significant deformation (strain rate >8 × $\times $ 10−6 yr−1) along the plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian Plates in east Taiwan. The high strain rate in the southern part of the Western Foothills is distributed along a few major fault systems, which reveals the geometry of the deformation front in west Taiwan. Our results help identify active faults in southwest and north Taiwan that were not identified before. These findings can be insightful in informing future seismic hazard models.
Plain Language Summary
An earthquake cycle includes three phases: interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic. Interseismic deformation refers to the continuous crustal deformation that is built up by active tectonics. Depending on the relative motion between tectonic plates, the earthquake recurrence interval could vary by a few orders between different locations. As a result, knowing the crustal deformation rate and deformation accumulated in different fault zones can be useful for investigating future earthquake hazards. Using space geodesy tools like Global Navigation Satellite System and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, we can monitor surface deformation during the interseismic period. In this study, we monitor interseismic deformation in Taiwan using geodesy. We find that east Taiwan where two tectonic plates collide has the highest rate of deformation. In southwest and north Taiwan where most of the population resides, there is also high‐level of deformation distributed across a few different faults, indicating that some of the faults have a higher risk generating future earthquakes. As a result, knowing the amount of faults slip and amount of deformation built up during this interseismic period may inform us of potential future earthquake hazards.
Key Points
This study combines Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Navigation Satellite System and produces high‐resolution 3‐D interseismic crustal velocities and strain rate estimates in Taiwan
Strain rate measurements show high surface strain cumulation along east and southwest Taiwan
The surface strain rates and the earthquake hazard models based on seismology and field study are in good agreement
Himachal region of Northwest Himalaya exhibits the widest structural re‐entrant in Kangra region and significant strain partitioning along the frontal and hinterland out‐of‐sequence faults. We report ...results of continuous GPS measurements from 10 new sites in the region and analyze them along with the previously published results to constrain the ongoing arc‐normal and arc‐parallel convergence rates at 16.5 ± 1.1 and 4–5 mm/yr respectively. Thus, the ongoing convergence is oblique by 15°–20°. The Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) is strongly coupled up to ∼100 km from the Main Frontal Thrust but displays significant variation in coupling in the transition zone across the Kangra re‐entrant and the adjoining western salient. Joint analysis of the coupling variation, the geologically inferred MHT geometry variations and the local topographic anomaly pattern strongly suggest the possibility of a potentially active, strain accumulating segment of MBT along the southern margin of Dhauladhar ranges in Western Himachal region, which is also proposed to be influencing the long‐term topographic growth in the region. Although a general agreement is observed between the long‐term shortening rates along the active faults and the estimated geodetic convergence in this region, the ensuing discussion highlights their complex relationship in terms of temporal and spatial variability in the fault activity and elastic‐inelastic deformation. We use the fault orientation and the estimated convergence rate to geometrically constrain a mean dextral slip‐rate of 4.4–5.7 mm/yr along a recently discovered Khetpurali‐Taksal fault, which is proposed to partition the majority of ongoing arc‐parallel deformation along it.
Key Points
We estimate the arc‐normal and arc‐parallel convergence rates to be 16.5 ± 1.1 and 4–5 mm/yr respectively in Himachal Himalaya
Kangra reentrant is strongly coupled throughout its ∼100 km width; Partial decoupling between 60 and 90 km from Main Frontal Thrust across the western salient
Suggested strain accumulation of ∼2.5–3.3 mm/yr on MBT segment; Predicted dextral motion of ∼4.6–5.7 mm/yr on ∼N‐S trending segment of Khetpurali‐Taksal Fault
BIM AND UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR SPATIAL STRUCTURES SUSTAINABILITY INVENTORY
The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences,
06/2023
Conference Proceeding
Transient aseismic deformation is observed using dense geodetic measurements across the northern Jordan Valley Fault (JVF) segment of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF). The fault was creeping until 2013 at a ...rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 mm/yr. It stopped creeping between 2013 and 2018 and then started creeping again at a similar rate. These transitions between the creep and locked modes of deformation correlate well with the 2013 and 2018 seismic sequences that occurred near the tip of the northern JVF creeping segment. The creep caused the accumulation of Coulomb stresses near the fault tip, which promoted earthquake nucleation in this region. The 2013 seismic sequence, with a maximum moment magnitude of 3.7, was probably too small to release these stresses, and they were released during the 2018 seismic sequence, with a maximum moment magnitude of 4.5, which allowed the fault to creep again. We suggest that seismic activity will continue to occur near the tip of the northern JVF creeping segment.
Plain Language Summary
Variations in fault behavior between creep (slipping slowly) and locked (stick) modes of deformation are key factors in earthquake hazard assessment. They affect the nucleation, dynamic rupture, and arrest of earthquakes. In this study, we present the first evidence for such variations along the Dead Sea Fault (DSF), the boundary between Sinai and Arabia tectonic plates. Using dense Global Navigation Satellite System network, we were able to detect that the northern Jordan Valley Fault (JVF) segment of the DSF was creeping until 2013. It became locked between 2013 and 2018 and then started creeping again. These deformational mode switches correlate well with the 2013 and 2018 earthquake swarms that occurred near the tip of the creeping segment. Stress changes calculations suggest that creep along the northern JVF triggered the earthquakes near its tip. They also suggest that only the 2018 earthquake sequence release enough elastic energy near the fault tip, allowing the fault to start creeping again.
Key Points
Transient aseismic deformation is observed using dense Global Navigation Satellite System measurements across the northern Jordan Valley Fault creeping segment of the Dead Sea Fault
The transitions between the creep and locked modes of deformation correlate well with earthquake sequences
The Coulomb stress calculations suggest that shallow creep is the main reason for the seismic activity near the tip of the creeping segment
As a result of global climate change, glacial melt occurs worldwide. Major impacts are expected on the dynamics of aquifers and rivers in and downstream of mountain ranges. This study aims at ...quantifying the melt water input fluxes into the watersheds draining the Canadian Rocky Mountains and improving our knowledge about the fate of meltwater within the hydrological cycle. To this end, we use (1) time‐variable gravity data from GRACE satellites that are decomposed into water storage compartments; (2) an ensemble of glacier information: in situ observations, geodetic measurements, and a mass balance model; and (3) in situ surface water and groundwater level observations. The glacier mass balance model estimates a total ice mass change of ~43 Gt for the period 2002–2015, corresponding to an average of −3,056 (±2,275) MCM/yr (million cubic meters per year). 78% of the meltwater total flows west of the continental divide (to the Pacific Ocean), while 22% flows east of the continental divide (to the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay). However, the GRACE‐derived total water storage increases, suggesting that groundwater storage compensates for the glacial melt with an increase of 3,976 (±2,819) MCM/yr. A plausible explanation is that meltwater is not immediately flowing down in rivers but rather stored locally in aquifers. This hypothesis is supported by in situ river base flow observations, showing base flow increase in basins draining the ice melt, mostly west of the continental divide. Direct in situ evidences such as well water level time series are not sufficiently available to fully support this hypothesis.
Plain Language Summary
This study discusses glacial melt and its impacts on water resources in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. First, we quantify glacial melt inflows into the hydrological cycle flowing to the draining watersheds on both sides of the mountain range. Our melt estimation is in good agreement with previous studies. Second, we explore the fate of glacial meltwater, and in particular the changes occurring in aquifers, by comparing our melt estimates with other data sets such as geodetic gravity field time series and hydrometric data. While glacial mass change modeling estimates a relatively high mass loss for 2002–2015, geodetic observations show that groundwater storage has increased during the same period. Decreasing glacial mass is compensated by increasing groundwater mass in the total mass change derived from geodetic observation, suggesting water transfers from melting glaciers to aquifers. Field measurements support the hypothesis of a significant groundwater storage increase, but not enough field data are available to precisely and independently quantify this rise.
Key Points
Glacial mass balance model estimates 3,056 MCM/yr of glacial melt for 2002–2015, 78% of the meltwater flows westward
Decreasing glacial mass is compensated by increasing groundwater mass in the total mass change observed by GRACE
Increased base flow is observed in westward draining streams, but no direct evidence of meltwater recharge to aquifers is available
The correct estimation of earth pressure is important for the design of earth retaining structures and depends, among others, on the surface morphology of retaining structures. The diaphragm wall ...created as a protection of a deep excavation located in an urbanized area was selected as a research object. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) was used for the investigation of the unique surface (in real-world dimension) obtained by tremieying the concrete in different soil layers. An original and innovative procedure for concrete surface description was developed, which includes steps from the TLS measurement to the determination of the roughness parameters. The tested samples from anthropogenic soil, medium sand, and sandy gravel, map the real diaphragm wall surface. The surface roughness parameters in different soil layers were compared with the reference surface obtained by cast against steel formwork. The following parameters: Sa, Sdr, and Vmc are indicated as being the most useful in numerical description of the concrete surface type and in allowing the determination of the soil surface friction. The novelty of this study is the estimation of the parameter δ (friction angle between the retaining wall surface and the soil), which is, among others, a function of the wall surface roughness. The influence of the type of surface on earth pressure are generally recognized in laboratory tests. Based on the estimated in situ values of δ, the more reliable active and passive pressure coefficients Ka, Kp were calculated for the tested soil layers. The conducted study has a practical significance for designing of retaining construction and makes progress in determination of surface roughness required in Eurocode 7.
The need for precise geodetic measurements for the determination of deformations of structures placed in facilities of black metallurgy is a great challenge for every geodetic expert. The very ...specific way of carrying out this type of measurements is related to the special conditions for their performance, as well as the need to ensure high accuracy in the determination of deformations on the structures. In the concrete case, deformations are obtained by processing highly precise optical measurements on the basis of which all further alignment and on-site machining activities were planned for supporting the process of hot rolling mill stand housing windows refurbishing and its evaluation for misalignment improvements. With this paper, the members of the Chair of Advanced Geodesy at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Skopje want to demonstrate the universality of the geodetic deformation measurements and the concrete application in determining deformations of the mill stand which is an industrial plant with special significance for the production capacities of „Makstil” SC – Skopje.
In order to investigate the origin of Phobos and Deimos, the Japanese Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission is scheduled for launch in 2024. MMX will make comprehensive remote-sensing measurements ...of both moons and return regolith samples from Phobos to Earth. Geodetic measurements of gravity, shape, and rotation parameter of a body provides constraints on its internal structure reflecting its origin and evolution. Moments of inertia are important parameters to constrain the internal mass distribution, but they have not been well determined for the Martian moons yet. We discuss the mission requirements related to the moments of inertia to detect a potential heterogeneity of the mass distribution inside Phobos. We introduce mission instruments and operational strategies to meet the mission requirements. We present a preliminary imaging strategy from a quasi-satellite orbit for a base shape model that is expected to be created at the early stage of the mission. Geodetic products including ephemeris, gravity field, rotation parameter of Phobos, and spacecraft orbit are of importance not only for the geodetic study, but also for interpreting data from various mission instruments and selecting possible landing sites.
Graphical Abstract
PDF
