This paper compares the beginnings of exonym standardization and some characteristics of the oldest exonyms in two similar Slavic languages, Croatian and Slovenian. It uses the comparative and ...exemplar methods. It is found that these processes were influenced by the sociopolitical environment of the time, especially language policies. It is shown that the nineteenth century was favorably inclined toward exonyms. They were often written inconsistently and unsystematically because there were no spelling norms for their writing and use. For some, the influences of foreign languages (German, Italian, etc.) are obvious. Numerous transitional forms also appeared, which did not become established.
(Rather than "illustrated limericks," a term implying subordination of the drawings to the verse, I call them picture-limericks-though sometimes "limericks" for short.) Most Lear experts now agree in ...theory that "interpretation ripples . . . between picture and text" (Uglow, p. 155). ...in what follows, I will demonstrate that Lear's place-names often have mythic, legendary, or historical associations that invite interpretation and enrich or even determine meaning. Since childhood he read travel books (Uglow, p. 25). A close friend and travel companion, Franklin Lushington, recalled that, before going to a country or region, Lear "studied every book he could lay hands on that would give him . . . information as to its physical characteristics and its history. ...most of these works have never been subject to analysis.) These places may be categorized as familiar (located in the British Isles), exotic (foreign), and ancient, with torical or associations. The picture seems to catch the crouching objector-to-toads at the commencement of a leap (physical self-projection), which would be selfharming if, as seems likely, he were to land on the raised forks.
The reviewed book is largely a collection of articles presented in alphabetical order, dealing with oikonyms in historical and etymological perspective — as a source of history and as a means of ...building a holistic picture of the Slavs in early medieval Saxony. It also relies on extra-linguistic data, such as geology and the trends of demographic development. The study begins from the period from 631 or 632, when Fredegar’s Chronicles (Dervanus dux gente Surbiorum, que rex ex genere Sclavinorum) were written, and extends up to the time between the conquest of the Slavic territories in the Saale-Neiße interfluve by the Germans in the 11th century and the onset of the German expansion to the east in the 12th century. The Short Stories of Names collected at the end of the book are popular essays, most of which were first published in non-scholarly editions. The latter have now been reprinted and complemented with by a large number of references, and thus fully comply with the requirements for scholarly publications.
The paper explores the problem of separate and hyphenated spelling of place names with a postnominal adjective such as Strugi(-)Krasnye. It provides a general review of the spelling rules for place ...names that include adjectives and covers various structural and semantic types of toponyms with postpositive adjectives. Using examples retrieved from dictionaries and legal documents (State Index of Place Names, etc.) the author identifies the preferred spelling variants for each type of toponym, as well as possible spelling motivations, investigates the orthographic history and officially approved spellings of toponyms including the settlement name Strugi Krasnye and the Strugo-Krasnensky district. It has been established that the codification of place names with a postpositive adjective is not fully aligned with the current rule on their hyphenated spelling, which poses the problem of choosing the right spelling policy to use in such cases. The two main factors that influence this choice are: the generally accepted separate spelling of structures with a postpositive inflected adjective, on the one hand, and the tendency to hyphenize the components of the name to create a compound, on the other. The positive and negative sides of both choices are considered. The conclusion is that the hyphenated spelling of the “noun + adjective” pattern is more convenient as it allows us to rely on formal features without looking into the history of the name formation: to apply this rule correctly it only takes to determine if the second component is an adjective by form (although by origin it can be, in fact, a standalone name, i.e. a substantivized adjective). At the same time, changing the rule will create a problem of orthographical differentiation between such names as Ilyinskoye-Khovanskoye and Ilyinskoye Kesemskoye.
The relation between geographic knowledge (particularly geographic names) and Persian poetry is one of the important literary categories which is studied in this article. This category has been ...talked about less up to now and has been rarely under research and evaluation. There is no doubt that a noticeable part of the poetry themes and Persian poets' witticism is about the names which are mentioned. The familiar appendices which are regulated and published under the title of "list of places" on the final pages of most of the Persian poetry Diwans are briefly clear confirmation of this claim. In this article, there will be an endeavor to familiarize and introduce different forms of reflection of "geographic names" in Persian poetry including a various spectrum of poetic themes, figurative speech, inspiring symbolic and mystical meanings, melodious compounds, proverbial quotations, and wisdom, description, praise, expressing erudition, and developing geographic knowledge. Keywords: Persian poetry, geographical names, poetic theme, literary geography, collocation
The paper deals with the use of adjective numerals in Russian toponymy retrieved from the State Catalogue of Geographical Names, normative legal acts, reference books of administrative-territorial ...divisions and topographic maps. The object of the study is toponyms with ordinal numerals that perform the function of numbering differentiation. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of standardization of toponyms with numerals. Numerous examples of variation in the spelling of toponyms with ordinal numerals have been found. Ordinal numbers in toponyms can be expressed in Arabic numerals, Roman numerals, verbal way, alphanumeric way. The following models of writing toponyms with ordinal numbers are identified: Kamenka II, Kamenka-2, Vtoraya Kamenka, Kamenka Vtoraya, Kamenka-Vtoraya, 2-ya Kamenka, Kamenka 2-ya. The article presents the results of a linguo-statistical study that showed the usage frequency for the models of writing numerals in toponyms both on a national scale and for each region separately. The State Catalogue of Geographical Names showcases that the most frequent models of writing toponyms with numerals are Kamenka 2-ya and Vtoraya Kamenka. Other models are much less common. The author substantiates the use of a particular model for writing numerals based on their representation in texts of various types, the guides for writing geographical names on maps, current spelling rules, and linguistic features of proper names. Despite the recent trend for standardization, the study results show the lack of common approaches to writing toponyms with numerals in different territorial bodies. The revealed discrepancies in the use of Roman and Arabic numerals in toponyms, the neglect for the recommended norms of writing toponyms with numerals require improving the spelling rules of writing geographical names.
After a long stage of low visibility, place names are revitalized by the digital revolution and globalization. As part of the map, geographical names were also affected by the technological and ...paradigms changes that revolutionized not only the mapmaking process but also the management of spatial information in all its stages. In this new context, the interoperability requirements of the data intended for the Spatial Data Infrastructure and for multiple users and services drove the normalization processes. Geographical names are not alien to this need. In another aspect, new cultural paradigms associated with globalization joined to renew interest in geographical names in the last half century: the revaluation of local identities, open data policy and the collaborative model. The objective of this article is to stimulate the reflection on geographical names in this new context, their special meaning as cultural heritage and the need and benefits of their national and international standardization. And, consequently, the inclusion of geographical names in a necessary revision and update of the geoscience curricular designs.
This article examines the role that place naming has played in the rescaling of the Pacific waters along the Canada/United States border as the “Salish Sea.” Drawing upon archival materials and a ...series of semi‐structured interviews, we argue that the scalar framing of such waters as a delimited spatial “unit” was dependent upon the performative reiteration of citational practices that were employed over a period of two decades to discursively assemble these fluid multiplicities into a cartographically bounded space. Although one of the ostensible aims of this geographical designation was to acknowledge the longstanding presence of Coast Salish peoples in the region, the naming of the Salish Sea has also had the political effect of reinforcing neocolonial relations of socio‐spatial dispossession by further entrenching the powers of the state as the final arbiter of geographical naming conventions.
Décoloniser la carte ? Les enjeux politiques de la toponymie et le transfert d'échelle de la mer des Salish
Cet article étudie le rôle que la dénomination de la « mer des Salish » le long de la frontière canado‐américaine a joué dans le changement d'échelle des eaux du Pacifique. Des documents issus de fonds d'archives et une série d'entretiens semi‐dirigés servent d'appui pour défendre l'idée selon laquelle la conception scalaire de ces eaux en tant qu'unité spatiale délimitée découlait de la réitération performative des pratiques citationnelles adoptées depuis deux décennies afin de traduire de manière discursive cette abondance aqueuse dans un espace cartographique circonscrit. Bien que l'un des objectifs apparents de cette appellation géographique fût de reconnaître l'ancienneté de l'établissement dans la région des peuples Salish de la côte, l'appellation de la mer des Salish a eu comme impact politique de renforcer les relations néocoloniales de la dépossession socio‐spatiale en consolidant les pouvoirs étatiques comme arbitre final des conventions existantes en matière de toponymie.
Mots clés : décolonisation, performativité, mer des Salish, toponymie, échelle
Two toponymical maps presented in this paper show 2332 inhabited places of Lithuania that have names (oikonyms) associated with vegetation and animals. The maps and the dataset are the outcomes of a ...project that is aimed at combining the outcomes of professional onomastic research with an environment that fosters exploration. The oikonyms were extracted from the reference base dataset of Lithuania by means of an automated algorithm. Original cartographic symbols have been designed for depicting categories and species. The multiscale map application, with its exploratory tools, makes it easy to see spatial distribution of geographic names related with particular groups of plants and animals. Analysis of map data enables the assertion that local toponymy reflects a distribution of species that were characteristic to the territory over past centuries. The maps are supplemented by comparative density maps and statistical charts. The reference scale of the main maps is 1: 500,000.
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