The germination process of whole seeds activates and multiplies the composition of amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, proteins, enzymes, and sugars, and decreases phytate and protease inhibitors ...concentrations. Furthermore, germination contributes to the improved digestibility of plant proteins; conversion of carbohydrates to simpler forms for easy assimilation; bioavailability of minerals; freeing up of minerals for absorption; and an increase of beneficial enzymes. The aim of this paper was to perform the extraction of alfalfa germinated seeds using conventional and modern methods for the purpose of physical-chemical characterization. The extraction of germinated seeds was carried out by several methods, namely conventional (hydro-alcoholic and autoclave extraction) and modern (ultrasound-assisted extraction) methods. For each method, the following parameters have been set: solvent/substrate ratio, temperature, and reaction time. Hydro-alcoholic extraction was performed according to the method described by Piantino et al. (2008) with minor modifications 1. The parameters were as follows: ethanol:water ratio 70:30 v/v, reaction time 24 h, at room temperature, and stirred at 150 rpm. Autoclave extraction was performed according to the method described by Maurizio D’Auria (2021) using parameters temperature (121 °C), pressure (1 bar), and reaction time (15 min) 2. Ultrasound-assisted extraction carried out according to the method described by Ahmad and Shehta (2020) with modifications 3. The parameters were as follows: 70% ethanol, substrat:solvent ratio 1:10, reaction time 10, 20, 30 min, at room temperature in an ultrasonic bath. The proximate chemical composition analysis for each extract was performed, which refers to water content, total nitrogen, crude protein, carbohydrates, ash, and both macro and micro elements using standard methods. Following the comparative analysis of the preliminary results obtained for the four extracts, the modern method ultrasound-assisted extraction was selected. The mean percentage of chemical compounds was: moisture (at 105 °C) 78.2 ± 0.48%, crude protein 23 ± 1%, and ash (at 550 °C) 3.09 ± 0.004%. The preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts served as the basis for the selection of the extraction method. Conventional methods require a long time for extraction and use solvents at high costs. The interest in using modern methods for the extraction of germinated seeds is growing due to reduced reaction time and solvent volume involved and the accuracy of results obtained.
Increasing the bioavailability of bioactive ingredients in foods, mainly phenolic compounds, is essential for enhancing health status and preventing chronic diseases. However, the challenge in front ...of food processors is to maintain bioactive compounds in food while achieving a long shelf life and fresh-like sensory quality. Consequently, ozone technology offers a competitive advantage over thermal processing as a means of food preservation. The interaction between ozone and food induces the antioxidant defence system against oxidative damage and enhances the production of antioxidant and stress-related secondary metabolites. This article examines the effect of ozone treatment on polyphenolic compounds in food. Among the areas of greatest interest are not only the pre and post-harvest treatments of food matrixes, but also the explanation of mechanisms involved in the ozone-related response and the main pathways for secondary metabolites biosynthesis. The available literature indicates that ozone treatment has significant effects on secondary metabolites accumulation and health-related properties depending on many factors such as cultivar, ozone form (aqueous or gaseous), dose, and application method. According to most published literature, ozone boosts the bioavailability of antioxidant compounds (e.g., polyphenols) and stress-related volatiles, supporting the hypothesis that polyphenols could be enhanced in different foods by means of ozone.
The quality of germinated oil palm seeds directly affects the growth and yield of oil palm industry. Therefore, strict filtering process is required before dispatching the germinated oil palm seeds ...to the market. Manual inspection of individual germinated oil palm seeds is laborious and error-prone. We propose a high-throughput system that can accurately compute the correspondences of arbitrary number of oil palm seeds in multi-view images captured from unknown camera positions, and subsequently predict the quality of individual oil palm seeds using a classification network. First, an object detection model is fine-tuned to detect the oil palm seeds in each image. Then, the transformation model between each image pair is estimated. We introduce an abstract representation to address the wide baseline problem and challenging visual information, which results in improved accuracy of the transformation model estimation. Based on the seed candidates detected by the object detection model and the estimated transformation models, the correspondences of oil palm seeds can be computed. We propose a multi-view oil palm seed quality classification network to predict the quality of each oil palm seed in the set. The classification network receives the multi-view images of an individual oil palm seed as input, and output the probability of the input oil palm seed being a bad seed. The proposed multi-view oil palm seed quality classification model is able to achieve an accuracy of 90%. The proposed system is able to process a large batch of oil palm seeds simultaneously using a single set of multi-view images, without needing to acquire multi-view images for each individual oil palm seed. This not only reduces laborious effort in data acquisition, but also highly reduces the memory consumption.
•High-throughput oil palm seeds quality classification.•Correspondence matching of oil palm seeds with unknown camera positions.•Quality classification of germinated oil palm seed based on multi-view images.
An amazing and extremely rare archaeological context discovered at the Vlaha-Pad site located in the Transylvania area (Cluj County, Romania) may be related to offerings in the Late Bronze Age. ...Radiocarbon calibrated data indicates that the context ranges from 1612 to 1433 cal BC. The context is particularly important regarding the unearthing of a wood barrel full of sprouted barley that can be associated with a ritual offering to Gods. In addition to the wood barrel, several special vessels that are usually related to ritual practices have been uncovered. The archaeological materials recovered from within belong to the Wietenberg IV culture dated to the Late Bronze Age. Our study focuses on the context with ritual deposition and the possible hypotheses related to it.
•Melatonin shows low scavenger capacity unlike polyphenol compounds.•Germination in edible seeds increases melatonin contents.•Antioxidant capacity improves by polyphenols and melatonin in germinated ...seeds.•Germinated seeds showed a higher percent of DPPH inhibition respect to raw seeds.
Seven edible seeds for the levels of melatonin, phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity were evaluated during germination process. Radical scavenging parameters were also studied in standard antioxidants to understand their antiradical actions. Germination brought about significant increases of total phenol compounds in all edible seeds, showing red cabbage, radish and broccoli the highest contents (21.6, 20.4 and 16.4mg GAE/g DW, respectively). The concentration of melatonin is greatly variable in edible seeds, exhibiting significant increases during germination. The highest levels were found in red cabbage (857pg/g DW) radish (536pg/g DW) and broccoli (439pg/g DW). The germinated seeds which had the highest levels of polyphenols and melatonin were those that showed the most relevant antiradical activities (>97%). This information is valuable for the incorporation of red cabbage, radish and broccoli germinated seeds into the diet to promote potential health benefits.
•Extraction of flavonol glycosides from germinated fenugreek seeds.•Identification of flavonol glycosides by LC–DAD and ESI–MS techniques.•Quantitative analysis of individual phenolics.
The phenolic ...composition of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) germinated seeds originating from Morocco has been investigated. After germination, extraction was performed from defatted germinated seeds by a hydromethanolic solution using an accelerated solvent extractor. HPLC coupled to negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and diode array detection was employed to identify the polyphenol in the obtained fenugreek germinated seeds extract. A total of 28 identified phenolic compounds were grouped into flavone di C-glycosides, flavonol O-diglycosides, flavone tri- and tetra O-, C-glycosides and acylated flavone O-, C-glycosides. Most of the identified flavones were apigenin and luteolin adducts, while only two kaempferol glycosides were detected as flavonols. Quantitative analysis of the identified compounds showed that the phenolic composition of the studied germinated fenugreek seeds was predominated by acylated and non-acylated flavone derivatives with apigenin as main aglycone. Germinated fenugreek seeds could be considered as a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds.
Seed germination is the critical stage for species survival. Salinity affects germination and seedling growth and yield of several crop species, such as broad bean. That is why this study was carried ...to evaluate the effects of NaCl on seed germination and influence of salicylic acid on seed in order to improving salt tolerant on broad bean. Vicia faba L. is an important pulse crop in the Mediterranean region. In many cases broad bean is grown on saline soils where growth and yield are limited by salinity. The results showed that Irrigation with saline water significantly reduced all seed germination parameters in comparison with the respective control. Alleviation of growth arrest was observed with exogenous applications of salicylic acid (SA) under salt stress conditions. Overall, the positive effect of SA towards resistance to the salinity of V. faba L. will provide some practical basis for V. faba L cultivation.
In direct seeding of non-coated rice seeds with a puddling seeder, seeds need to be stored to avoid overlapping of the timing of seed pretreatment with that of field preparation work. Assuming that ...seeds may be stored at room temperature for short-term storage but require lower temperatures for long-term storage, the optimum temperature for low temperature storage was investigated for both pre-germinated and root-elongated seeds. Seeds were incubated at 5°C, 10°C, and 15°C for 0, 5, 10, 14, and 21 days, before seeded in a growth cabinet to assess seedling emergence and growth. Compared to 5°C and 15°C, emergence and growth rates were not lowered in seeds stored at 10°C for more than 14 days. Therefore, 10°C was considered suitable for long-term storage. Then, both pre-germinated and root-elongated seeds were stored at room temperature (15.9°C–22.4°C) for 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 days, and at 10°C for 20 to 29 days. When compared to the control, no significant differences were found in initial growth, establishment, and heading date of seeds stored at room temperature for 5 to 15 days and seeds stored at 10°C for 20 days. These results suggest that both pre-germinated and root-elongated seeds can be stored for up to 15 days at room temperature and up to 20 days at 10°C.
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