Slobodan politički govor – shvaćen kao (1) pravo na javno kritiziranje vlasti, (2) pravo na zastupanje teorija i ideologija koje su suprotne vladajućoj, (3) pravo zagovaranja političkih i ...institucionalnih promjena itd. – onaj je govor koji omogućava temeljno razlikovanje demokratskih i nedemokratskih sustava. U sklopu rasprava o slobodnom političkom govoru posebno su važne rasprave koje se odnose na sâm sadržaj slobode političkog govora, koji mogu poticati pobunu protiv političkog poretka, zagovarati rasizam, širiti govor mržnje ili npr. otkrivanje državnih tajni. S obzirom na navedeno, u ovom ćemo radu otvoriti raspravu o slobodi političkog govora u Rawlsovu političkom liberalizmu s posebnim naglaskom na ideju javnog uma. Da rasprava ne bi ostala na razini teorijske analize, Rawlsovo ćemo shvaćanje slobode političkog govora dodatno analizirati i kroz slučaj Trump vs. Twitter.
Free political speech – understood as (1) the right to publicly criticize the government, (2) the right to represent theories and ideologies that are contrary to the ruling one, (3) the right to advocate political and institutional changes, etc. – is the speech that enables a fundamental distinction between democratic and non-democratic systems. As part of the discussions on free political speech, the discussions related to the very content of the freedom of political speech that incites rebellion against the political order are particularly important; they advocate racism, hate speech or, for example, the disclosure of state secrets. In this context, we will open a discussion about the freedom of political speech in Rawls’s political liberalism with special emphasis on the idea of the public reason, and so that the discussion does not remain at the level of theoretical analysis, we will analyze Rawls’s understanding of the freedom of political speech additionally through the case of Trump vs. Twitter.
Cilj je rada istražiti komentare čitatelja na tri hrvatska informativna portala (24sata.hr, Index.hr i Net.hr) o kontroverznom prijedlogu Muzičke akademije i rektora Zagrebačkog sveučilišta da se ...tadašnjem zagrebačkom gradonačelniku Milanu Bandiću dodjeli počasni doktorat. U ovom članku komentari se istražuju u okviru teorijskog koncepta digitalne javne sfere i koncepta deliberativno-demokratske javne sfere, prema kojem umreženo društvo participacijom građana, kroz decentraliziranu i interaktivnu komunikaciju, osim komunikacije, transformira i oblikuje odnose moći među ljudima. Metodom kvantitativne analize sadržaja 2852 komentara objavljena u razdoblju od 27. studenoga 2018. do 15.travnja 2019. analiziran je odnos između opreme članaka i komentara, provedena je analiza sentimenta kao metoda za skupljanju polariteta emocija za uvid u raspoloženje komentatora (Liu, 2012), a s aspekta Dahlbergovih kategorija (2007), analiziran je doprinos javnoj raspravi. Rezultati pokazuju izrazito negativan stav građana prema prijedlogu o dodjeli počasnoga doktorata zagrebačkom gradonačelniku Milanu Bandiću, čini se da postoji povezanost između negativno intoniranih naslova i fotografija članaka s raspoloženjem komentatora i utvrđena je relativno mala prisutnost neprihvatljivoga govora i govora mržnje, čak i u negativnim komentarima, te niska razina argumentirane rasprave.
The aim of this paper is to analyse readers’ comments on three Croatian news websites (24sata.hr, Index.hr and Net.hr) about the controversial proposal of the Head of the University of Zagreb to award an honorary doctorate to the Mayor of Zagreb Milan Bandić. In this article, comments are explored within the theoretical concept of the digital public sphere and the concept of deliberative-democratic public sphere, according to which, a networked society transforms and shapes not only communication but also power relations among people through participation of citizens, through decentralised and interactive communication. A quantitative content analysis was conducted on 2852comments published in the period from 27 November 2018 to 15 April 2019, i.e., in the period in which the topic was part of the media agenda. The relationship between headlines, photographs and comments was analysed. A sentiment analysis was performed as a method for gathering the polarity of emotions of commentators (Liu, 2012) and as an aspect of Dahlberg’s categories (2007), the contribution to public debate was analysed. The results show a very negative attitude of citizens towards the proposal to award an honorary doctorate to Zagreb Mayor Milan Bandić. A connection is implied between negative stylistic expressions of titles and photographs of articles with attitudes of the commentators. Furthermore, a relatively small amount of hostility speech and hate speech was found, even in negative comments and discussions with low levels of argumentation.
Manipulacija jezikom u političke svrhe Rebernik, Dejana
Media, culture and public relations (Online),
03/2023, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1-2
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
U ovom članku istražujem poveznice između političke moći i jezika. U politici jezik ima posebnu ulogu - može postati instrument politike. Manipulacijom jezikom i diskursom moguće je manipulirati ...političkim stavovima građana i tako ostvariti političke ciljeve. Nacionalsocijalisti su to proveli u djelo u Njemačkoj prije i tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Na osnovu analize nacionalsocijalističke propagande u Njemačkoj prije i za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata u ovom se članku izvode zaključci u pogledu manipulacije jezikom u političke svrhe.
This article explores the connection between language and political power. Language is attributed a special role in politics: it may become its instrument. Manipulation with language and discourse enables manipulation with citizens' political attitudes, making it possible for politicians to fulfil their political goals. The National Socialists made use of such manipulation in Germany in the period before and during the World War II. This article analyses the elements of propaganda used by the National Socialists in Germany in the period before and during the World War II and presents conclusions on the manipulative potential of language.
U radu se predstavlja preliminarno istraživanje četiriju fonoloških obilježja s varijacijama u suvremenom zagrebačkom govoru: gubitka obezvučivanja zvučnih opstruenata na kraju riječi, pomaka udara ...na drugi slog jedninskih oblika imenica srednjeg roda poput ime i prezime, pomaka udara sa zadnjega na prvi slog osnove pridjeva sa sufiksima -sk- ili -n- te gubljenja međuvokalnih konsonanata. Obilježja se istražuju u okviru varijacijske sociolingvistike s ciljem da se ispita rasprostranjenost pojedinih varijanata među govornicima te prepoznaju eventualne naznake jezične promjene u tijeku. Istraživanje se temelji na govornoj građi prikupljenoj intervjuima, koja je analizirana s obzirom na dob, spol i socioekonomski status ispitanikā. Rezultati upućuju na to da je obezvučivanje krajnjih opstruenata prilično dobro zastupljeno među zrelijim Zagrepčanima, a slabo među mlađima, što navodi na zaključak da se odvija promjena kojom se ovaj proces gubi. Jedninski oblici imenica poput ime i prezime s udarom pomaknutim na drugi slog ispostavili su se varijantom koja se javlja sporadično među mladima te ne pokazuje naznake promjene u tijeku. U pogledu pomaka udara sa zadnjega na prvi slog osnove pridjeva sa sufiksima -sk- ili -n-, pokazalo se da je u nekih pridjeva to već završena promjena, da neki pridjevi s odgovarajućom strukturom još nisu zahvaćeni njime, a da u nekih postoji varijacija. Zapaženi obrasci upućuju na mogućnost da je opisani pomak udara promjena koja se odvija u pridjevā s varijacijom. Naposljetku, gubljenje međuvokalnih konsonanata zabilježeno je vrlo sporadično te ne pokazuje naznake glasovne promjene u tijeku.
The paper presents a preliminary investigation of four phonological features with variations in the contemporary Zagreb dialect: loss of the devoicing of word-final obstruents, stress shift to the stem-final syllable of singular forms of neuter nouns such as ime and prezime, stress shift from the stem-final to the first syllable of adjectives with suffixes -sk- or -n- and elision of intervocalic consonants. The features are studied within a variationist sociolinguistic framework with the aim of investigating the prevalence ofvariants among speakers and identifying conceivable indications of an ongoing language change. The investigation is based on spoken material collected with the help of interviews, which has been analysed with respect to the participants’ age, gender, andsocioeconomic status. The results indicate that the devoicing of word-final obstruents is rather well-represented among more mature speakers and poorly among the younger ones, pointing towards an ongoing loss of this feature. Singular forms of nouns such as ime and prezime with stress shifted to the stem-final syllable turned out to be a variant occurring sporadically in younger speakers, showing no indications of an ongoing change. Regarding the stress shift from the stem-final to the first syllable of adjectives with the suffixes -sk- or -n-, it has been revealed that is already a completed change in some adjectives, and that some adjectives with the relevant structure have not yet been affected by the shift, while others exhibit variation. The observed patterns indicate that the described shift may be an ongoing change affecting the adjectives with variation. Finally, the intervocalic consonant elision was noted very sporadically, and it shows no indications of an ongoing sound change.
O govoru Pavlovaca, koji je u dosadanjoj dijalektološkoj literaturi određen govorom slavonskoga dijalekta, njegova posavskoga poddijalekta, ne postoje temeljitiji podatci, kao ni zaseban opis. U radu ...se na temelju recentnoga terenskoga istraživanja podastiru fonološke i morfološke značajke pavlovačkoga govora.
Due to it being a public activity, speech in Parliament is measured by different standards than language used in the private sphere. When delivering speech in Parliament, its members carry a great ...social responsibility for the spoken words, weighed for credibility and authenticity, social justifiability and usefulness, tolerance and ethics, and consequently aesthetics, and linguistic and cultural literacy (Škarić 2000: 9). As any other public speaker, the member of the Croatian Parliament does not speak only in his/her own name, but also as a representative of someone else, or a member of a certain party whose collective interests also need to be addressed. This occassion prompted the authors of this paper to focus their attention on the ways modern-day members of the Croatian Parliament use their mother tongue during delivery of their parliamentary speeches. As the research was conducted on the occasion of the 170th anniversary of the first parliamentary speech in the Croatian Parliament delivered in the Croatian language, this paper analyzes the language used in Croatian Parliament speeches, in the 7th Assembly. As public speakers, regardless of their origin or level of education, members of the Croatian Parliament need to be prime examples of the proper use of the Croatian standard language, equipped with linguistic skills and clarity of expression. With regard to this, authors analyze aberrations of 50 members of the Croatian Parliament from the Croatian standard language during the describe in an eleven-hour debate. Several sessions of the Croatian Parliament were recorded, the material was transcribed and analyzed on all linguistic levels with special attention paid to the phonetics-phonological and lexical analysis.
U ovome radu razmišlja se o govoru u djelatnostima odgoja i obrazovanja te o govornim sposobnostima potrebnima odgojitelju, učitelju i nastavniku za uspješno upućivanje djece i mladih ljudi u proces ...stjecanja znanja, ali i vrlina potrebnih za dobar život i suživot s drugima. Pritom se na odgojiteljev (učiteljev, nastavnikov) govor gleda kao na jedinstvo dviju njegovih nerazdvojnih sastavnica – komunikacijske i retoričke. Ističe se, danas često zanemarena, potreba njegovanja i retoričke sastavnice odgojiteljskoga govora, ne samo komunikacijske. U tom se kontekstu donose izabrani retorički naputci za govor u odgoju i obrazovanju, oprimjereni mislima rimskoga retoričara Kvintilijana te europskoga i hrvatskoga kršćanskoga humanista Marka Marulića.
This paper contemplates the language used in education as well as the linguistic skills that pre-school teachers and teachers need to master so that they may introduce children, pupils and students into the process of knowledge acquisition and, no less importantly, the acquisition of the virtues one needs to have in order to lead a good life and live harmoniously with the individuals in their environment. The language of the (pre-school) teacher is here viewed as consisting of two inseparable components – communicative and rhetorical. The focus is on the need to cherish not only the communicative component of the (pre-school) teacher’s language, but also the rhetorical one as the latter is often neglected in the present day and age. The rhetorical component of the (pre-school) teacher’s language is exceptionally important in the instructional language used by the pre-school teacher or teacher to communicate the taught material to the students as well as in the relational speech used by the (pre-school) teacher in child nurture; i.e. in mediating when working to solve children’s problems and conflicts, in creating positive relations between individuals in an educational establishment, in creating efficient relations with the parents of the children that are being cared for, etc. In the mentioned context this paper delivers good practice guidance for (pre-school) teachers related to the values good language used in education should have. The text is inspired by two canonical European masterpieces: the work of the Roman rhetorician Marcus Fabius Quintilianus Institutio oratoria (1st century) and the work of the European and Croatian Christian humanist Marko Marulić Institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (16th century). Many parts of the selected works are very much applicable in the education of young people today, even though centuries apart from the circumstances in which those works were created. It is shown that the fundamental values of the words a (pre-school) teacher uses when interacting with children have remained unchanged since two thousand years ago until the present day. The concept of education we have today, in which a young person acquires the knowledge they need for life as well as the virtues necessary for fruitful coexistence with the individuals in their environment, stems from classicism that has been merged with Christian values. This good language guidance exemplified by the ideas presented in the mentioned two works will contribute to the quality of the (pre-school) teacher’s language used in the education of children, but also to the speech children exchange between them and all of the speech used for communication in the educational establishment. This is due to the fact that the (pre-school) teacher provides a communicational role model used by the children to shape their own communication. Children form their vocabulary and language on the basis of the vocabulary and language the (pre-school) teacher uses. Therefore, it is crucial to repetitively point to the values of good language to be used in the education of young people.
SAŽETAK
Tematika jezika oblikovana je od samih početaka objavljivanja Liječničkog vjesnika u interaktivno područje rasprava o terminološkim dvojbama s kojima se liječnici susreću u svojoj ...svakodnevnoj praksi sve do danas. Na temelju 129 obrađenih članaka objavljenih u različito naslovljenim rubrikama Liječničkoga vjesnika u radu su razmatrani uloga i utjecaj ovog časopisa u podizanju svijesti o strukovnom jeziku/nazivlju. Izašlo je na vidjelo da su nastojanja vezana uz pravilnost pisanja medicinskih članaka i uporaba hrvatske medicinske terminologije kontinuirana briga kako Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, tako i njegovog časopisa Liječničkog vjesnika, koja se očitovala kroz nekoliko značajnijih inicijativa. U ranijim razdobljima ističu se inicijative za prikupljanje građe za hrvatsko medicinsko nazivlje, dok su u novijim razdobljima aktualnije rasprave vezane uz pravilno pisanje dijagnoza, uporabu latinizama, korektno korištenje dvojbenih naziva, izbjegavanje tuđica i slično. Formalni lektorski zahvati prvi put su iskazani u impresumu Liječničkog vjesnika 1975. godine. Autorice naglašavaju potrebu daljnjeg rada na njegovanju i unaprjeđivanju medicinskog jezika i nazivlja na stranicama Liječničkog vjesnika te nastavka zalaganja za pravilno pisanje i redovito objavljivanje medicinskih tekstova na hrvatskom jeziku.
Zakon grada Kastva (Kastavski statut) ulazi u skupinu pravnih tekstova, a oni su u hrvatskom srednjovjekovlju i ranom novovjekovlju pisani narodnim jezikom, bez (znatnijega) naslojavanja elemenata ...hrvatskoga crkvenoslavenskoga jezika (Damjanović 2008; Kuzmić 2009, 2011). Uz nužan metodološki oprez jer je riječ o pisanom tekstu koji se po određenim značajkama razlikuje od govornoga diskursa, pravni su tekstovi ipak relevantan izvor podataka za povijesnu dijalektologiju (Ivić 1955/1956; Frellesvig 1996; Lukežić 2005) pa će se u ovom radu značajke srednjovjekovnoga kastavskoga kronolekta ekscerpirati iz Margetićeva prijepisa Zakona grada Kastva od Leta 1400. te će se usporediti sa suvremenim kronolektom, prema podatcima iz stručne literature i vlastitih terenskih istraživanja. Analiza odabranih jezičnih varijabli pokazat će razlike i sličnosti među dvama kronolektima i utvrdit će se njihova stabilnost iz čega će se moći iščitati pravci jezičnoga razvoja kastavskoga govora te pridonijeti utvrđivanju kronologije jezičnih mijena.
Tako zgodovinsko kakor tudi konceptualno je svoboda izražanja ena izmed osnovnih državljanskih svoboščin, ki jo povezujemo s sodobnim pojmovanjem državljanstva, kakor tudi eno najpomembnejših načel ...demokratične družbe. Članek identificira različne funkcije, ki jih povezujemo s svobodo izražanja, in predstavi z njo povezane osnovne interese. Sledi analiza omejitev oz. mej svobode izražanja in s tem povezana problematika sovražnega govora ter predstavitev nekaterih razsežnosti pravne podlage obravnave sovražnega govora. Razprava se ukvarja z vprašanjem, zakaj sovražni govor predstavlja mejo svobodi izražanja, nato pa je predstavljen predlog uporabe konceptualne analize pri prepoznavanju in definiranju sovražnega govora. V sklepnem delu so predstavljeni nekateri temeljnih ugovorov zoper svobodo izražanja in sovražni govor.
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