The aim of this study was to quantify the degree of association between juvenile refraction errors and parental refraction status.
Using a simple questionnaire we conducted a cross-sectional study to ...determine the prevalence and magnitudes of refractive errors and of parental refraction status in a sample (n=728) of 10- to 18-year-old Austrian grammar school students.
Students with myopia or hyperopia were more likely to have ametropic parents and refraction was more myopic in juveniles with one or two parents being ametropic. The prevalence of myopia in children with 2 ametropic parents was 54%, decreasing to 35% in pupils with 1 and to 13% in children with no ametropic parents. The odds ratio for 1 and 2 compared with no ametropic parents was 8.3 and 3.7 for myopia and 1.3 and 1.6 for hyperopia, respectively. Furthermore, the data indicate a stronger influence of the maternal ametropia on children's refractive errors than paternal ametropia.
Genetic factors play a significant role in refractive error and may be of dominant influence for school myopia under conditions of low environmental variation.
Describes the method and results of experiments that were made to determine which of the three kinds of impressions (visual, auditory, motor) are best retained, and to discover the relation existing ...between recall and recognition. The subjects were pupils of a typical school and college in all grades from the third primary up. The results of these experiments are of more special interest to those concerned with pedagogical problems. They reveal very clearly the absurdity of the common assumption that any subject that requires memorizing gives valuable memory-training, and suggest for further observation and experiment questions which when answered will enable teachers to intelligently direct the exercise of the memory of pupils in general and to correct special defects in individuals.
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