One of the main ways to enrich the lexicon of any language is to pick up words from other languages. As in many other world languages, the existence of Arabic loanwords in Turkic languages, including ...Oghuz languages, is a well-known fact in linguistics. These loanwords have passed through various processes as part of the vocabulary in the languages that contain these for centuries and entered the busiest layers of the language. The type of change depends on the degree of structural and grammatical differences between the language in which the words are spoken and the Arabic language. As Turkic and Arabic are known, they have different structural structures. Words derived from Arabic with an inflected language structure lose many of their features when they are transferred to Turkic languages with an agglutinative language structure. Here you can find many variations on phonetic, lexical, grammatical levels. The article talks about lexical-semantic changes, one of the most important of these changes.
The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) ...and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up. Benaderings tot die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n tweetalige woordeboek.Die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n Engels–Sloveense woordeboek (ESD) word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die afwesigheid van ekwivalente in die doeltaal (DT) word aangedui deur twee simbole: Ø ('n totale afwesigheid van enige ekwivalent) en # (ekwivalensie op die vlak van die volle boodskap eerder as op die vlak van 'n woord). Vyf-en-sestig lemmas in die ESD bevat 'n nul met 'n skuinsstreep daardeur, 'n hutsmerker of albei, maar een inskrywing kan meer as een simbool bevat. Die resultate word uitvoerig voorgehou volgens die woordsoort van die lemmas, en begin met 'n syferkundige ontleding, gevolg deur 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die toeligtende voorbeelde. Daarna volg 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van lemmas wat 'n pragmatiese betekenis uitdruk in die BT, lemmas met leksiko-grammatikale, grammatikale en leksikale verskille tussen die BT en die DT, sowel as lemmas met 'n aantal BT-betekenisse gegroepeer onder een betekenisonderskeiding in die ESD. Die probleem van zero-ekwivalensie word meestal in die ESD opgelos deur die insluiting van vertaalde gebruiksvoorbeelde. 'n Ander metode wat in die ESD gebruik word, is die gebruik van kort beskrywings van die lemma se funksie of van een van sy betekenisse. Op hierdie manier kan 'n meer suksesvolle en deeglike onttrekking van inligting gedoen word tydens elke opsoeksessie.
Both English and Danish are Germanic languages which are said to require pied-piping of possessive phrases when they are moved, for example in questions like Whose computer do you think this is? If ...pied-piping is not required in such movements, an alternative way of asking the same question could be Who do you think’s computer this is? (or perhaps, for Danish readers, Hvem er dets computer? Who is it’s computer? might be acceptable), where the possessor who/hvem has been extracted from the possessive phrase whose computer/hvis computer, leaving the rest of the possessive DP material -’s/-s computer behind. This type of movement is called possessor extraction (PE), and Davis (2021) provides evidence for the possibility of it in colloquial English for some speakers. This article is a pilot study of Danish PE, suggesting initial generalizations and comparing these to Davis’s (2021) generalizations about English PE.
This research paper deals with the differences of the Arabic grammarians and linguists and its impact on Islamic jurists and jurisprudence. Arabic is the language of the Qur'an and Islam, and both ...can be correctly understood by knowing Arabic and its grammar. The linguists and jurists differed with each other in juristic issues and cases. This difference of opinion was based on the differences among the linguists and grammarians in grammatical rules and principles.
The article discusses the principles underlying the inclusion of illustrative examples in a decoding English-Slovene dictionary. The inclusion of examples in decoding bilingual diction-aries can be ...justified by taking into account the semantic and grammatical differences between the source and the target languages. Among the differences between the dictionary equivalent, which represents the most frequent translation of the lemma in a particular sense, and the translation of the lemma in the illustrative example, the following should be highlighted: the differences in the part of speech; context-dependent translation of the lemma in the example; the one-word equiva-lent of the example; zero equivalence; and idiomatic translation of the example. All these differ-ences are addressed and discussed in detail, together with the sample entries taken from a bilingual English-Slovene dictionary. The aim is to develop criteria for the selection of illustrative examples whose purpose is to supplement dictionary equivalent(s) in the grammatical, lexical, semantic and contextual senses. Apart from that, arguments for translating examples in the target language are put forward. The most important finding is that examples included in a bilingual decoding diction-ary should be chosen carefully and should be translated into the target language, since lexical as well as grammatical changes in the translation of examples demand not only a high level of knowl-edge of both languages, but also translation abilities. Toeligtende voorbeelde in 'n tweetalige dekoderende woorde-boek: 'n (On)nodige Komponent? Die beginsels onderliggend aan die insluiting van toe-ligtende voorbeelde in 'n dekoderende Engels-Sloveense woordeboek word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die insluiting van voorbeelde in dekoderende tweetalige woordeboeke kan geregverdig word deur die semantiese en grammatiese verskille tussen die bron- en doeltale in ag te neem. Onder die verskille tussen die woordeboekekwivalent, wat die mees frekwente vertaling van die lemma in 'n sekere sin verteenwoordig, en die vertaling van die lemma in die toeligtende voor-beeld, moet die volgende uitgelig word: die verskille in woordsoort; konteks-afhanklike vertaling van die lemma in die voorbeeld; die eenwoordekwivalent van die voorbeeld; zero-ekwivalensie; en idiomatiese vertaling van die voorbeeld. Al hierdie verskille word aangespreek en in besonderhede bespreek saam met die voorbeeldinskrywings geneem uit 'n tweetalige Engels-Sloveense woorde-boek. Die oogmerk is die ontwikkeling van kriteria vir die seleksie van toeligtende voorbeelde wat die woordeboekekwivalent(e) in 'n grammatiese, leksikale, semantiese en kontekstuele sin moet aanvul. Afgesien hiervan word argumente ook gevoer vir die vertaling van voorbeelde in die doel-taal. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is dat voorbeelde wat in 'n tweetalige dekoderende woorde-boek ingesluit word, versigtig gekies moet word en vertaal moet word in die doeltaal, aangesien leksikale sowel as grammatiese veranderings in die vertaling van voorbeelde nie net 'n hoë vlak van kennis van beide tale vereis nie, maar ook vertalingsvermoëns.
When a speaker of English does not want to repeat the same noun too many times, one-substitution is often used: "She would rather have a big house than a small one" (i.e., a small house). An ...alternative construction of an elliptical noun phrase is to simply leave out the noun, as when a Danish speaker says: Jeg vil hellere have et stort hus end et lille: "I would rather have a big house than a small". Beginning with observations about one-substitution in English, this paper outlines and discusses one-substitution and noun ellipsis in Danish. With some reservations, the paper supports the argument presented by Günther (2018) that differences between languages regarding one-substitution are based on the inflectional properties of the languages.
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