Objectives: Current trends among young athletes towards earlier specialization age and year-round training on multiple teams has raised concern for increased injury risk. Our previous analyses showed ...higher risk for injury in highly specialized young athletes. The goal of this research was to determine whether sports specialization and injury patterns vary by sports type.
Methods: In this clinical case-control study, injured athletes (aged 7-18 years) were recruited from sports medicine clinics and compared to similarly aged uninjured athletes recruited from primary care clinics. Participants completed a survey reporting age, gender, sport type, specialization patterns, and details regarding sports-related injuries in the previous 6 months. Clinical diagnoses were collected from patients' medical records. Injuries were classified as acute, overuse, or serious overuse.
Results: Of 1,190 athletes enrolled, 26% (313) were single-sport specialized (reported participation in one sport and trained >8 months/year). Sports with the highest proportion of single-sport specialized athletes were tennis (46.7%), gymnastics (30.1%), and dance (26.3%). Single-sport specialized athletes in individual sports started specializing at a younger age (11.2 ± 2.4 vs. 12.0 ± 2.7, p = 0.05) and reported higher training volumes (11.8 vs. 10.3 h/week, p = 0.04) than those in team sports. Sports with the youngest specialization age were gymnastics (8.9 ± 1.7), dance (10.8 ± 3.0), and soccer (10.9 ± 2.4). Single-sport specialized athletes in individual sports accounted for a higher proportion of overuse injuries (44.3% vs 32.2%, OR = 1.67, p = 0.037) and serious overuse injuries (23.4% vs 11.6%, OR = 2.38, p = 0.011), but a lower proportion of acute injuries (28.8% vs 13.8%, OR = 0.37, p = 0.001) compared to single-sport specialized athletes involved in team sports.
Conclusions: Athletes in individual sports may be more likely to specialize in a single sport than team sport athletes. Single-sport specialized athletes in individual sports also reported higher training volumes and greater rates of overuse injuries than single-sport specialized athletes in team sports.
The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare two internationally renowned Danish Gymnastics teachers, Jørgen Peter Muller and Niels Bukh. Whereas Muller’s home gymnastics had a cosmopolitan ...agenda that appealed to everyone regardless of ethnic origin, including many Jews, Bukh’s gymnastics increasingly became embedded in a right-wing nationalist frame of reference. Muller created an individual system of home gymnastics with a focus on health by means of exercises and the cleansing of the body that included a cold shower. In contrast, Bukh’s system was a collective form of gymnastics that emphasised the beauty of the young body. Common to both of them, however, was propagation of sexual liberation, which in Muller’s case focused on the naked heterosexual body’s manifestations in the sunlight and the fresh air. By contrast, Bukh was homosexual and through his aesthetic gaze he encouraged well-trained and sweaty young men to show their muscular upper body in touch-tight choreographies wearing only boxer shorts. It is the main thesis of the article that the contribution of sport to sexual liberation from late Victorianism’s firm grip is far greater than hitherto assumed.
RESUMO As sociedades ginásticas teuto-brasileiras foram um espaço de sociabilidade e educação da juventude no início do século XX, buscando contribuir para a formação física, moral e intelectual de ...seus associados, e para a preservação da cultura alemã no Brasil. A partir de 1913, no Rio Grande do Sul, estas associações adotam o escotismo como uma de suas práticas. O objetivo do artigo é analisar a organização do escotismo no âmbito destas associações e compreender o diálogo estabelecido entre ginástica e escotismo como meios de educação da juventude teuto-brasileira no início do século XX. É possível perceber que neste âmbito o escotismo se desenvolveu paralelamente a outras iniciativas similares do período, mantendo um vínculo muito mais forte com instituições alemãs do que com as brasileiras.
RESUME Les sociétés gymnastiques teuto-brésiliennes furent un lieu important de sociabilité et d’éducation de la jeunesse au début du vingtième siècle. Elles souhaitaient contribuer à la formation physique, morale et intelectuelle des associés ainsi que préserver la culture allemande au Brésil à partir de la pratique de la gymnastique liée à d’autres exercices physiques en plein air. Débutant en 1913, un mouvement particulier fut observé entre les associations de la région, l’adoption du scoutisme comme une des pratiques et sa liaison à des unités scoutes allemandes. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’organisation du scoutisme dans l’associativisme gymnastique teuto-brésilien rio-grandense et comprendre le dialogue établi entre la gymnastique et le scoutisme comme moyens d’éducation de la jeunesse du début du vingtième siècle.
RESUMEN Las sociedades gimnásticas alemán-brasileñas fueron un espacio de sociabilidad y educación de la juventud en el siglo XX, buscando contribuir para la formación física, moral e intelectual de sus miembros y para la preservación de la cultura alemana en Brasil. A partir de 1913, en Rio Grande do Sul, estas asociaciones adoptan el scautismo como una de sus prácticas. Este artículo busca analizar la organización del scautismo en en el ámbito de estas asociaciones y comprender el diálogo entre gimnástica y scautismo como medios de educación de la juventud alemán-brasileña en el inicio del siglo XX. Se percibe que en este ámbito el scautismo se desarrolló paralelamente a otras iniciativas similares del período, manteniendo un vínculo mucho más fuerte con instituciones alemanas que brasileñas.
ABSTRACT German-Brazilian gymnastics societies represented a space for sociability and education of the youth in the first decades of the 20th century. They aimed at contributing to the physical, intellectual and moral development of their associates and to the preservation of German culture in Brazil. From 1913 on, in Rio Grande do Sul, they adopt scoutism as one of their practices. This study aims at analyzing the organization of scoutism within these societies in Rio Grande do Sul, trying to comprehend the dialog they established between gymnastics and scoutism as means for youth in the first decades of the 20th century. They developed scoutism in parallel with other similar initiatives of the period, keeping a much closer connection to German institution than to Brazilian ones.
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching (SS) on technical leaps performance in rhythmic gymnastics. Thirty-eight gymnasts (age 14.13 +/- 3.2 years), competing at ...the international and national levels, performed vertical jumps (squat jump, countermovement jump, hopping test HT) and technical leaps (split leap with leg stretched SL, split leap with ring RG, split leap with back bend of the trunk BBT) assessed in 2 different conditions: after SS and after their usual typical warm-up (TWU) as control conditions. Jumps and leaps flight time (FT) and ground contact time (GCT) parameters were evaluated by OptoJump. Leap performance was simultaneously evaluated by scores awarded by judges. For each dependent variable, the effect of warm-up condition (TWU and SS) was examined by a paired-sample t-test. A multiple regression analysis determined the amount of variance in judges' scores from the FT and GCT variables. Results revealed that vertical jumps FT was not affected by SS warm-up. Ground contact time of HT significantly increased after SS warm-up (p < 0.01). Static stretching reduced significantly (p < 0.01) the technical leap FT (decrements: SL = 7.1%, RG = 7.2%, and BBT = 6.4%). The results showed no significant effects of SS on technical leaps GCT. Static stretching significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the scores awarded by the judges. The FT was the main predictor of scores of the 3 technical leaps accounting for 9-30% of variance in both warm-up conditions. This study suggests that SS before leaping performance may negatively affect rhythmic gymnastics judges' evaluation.
A bean bug symbiont, Burkholderia sp. RPE64, selectively colonizes the gut crypts by flagella-mediated motility: however, the mechanism for this colonization remains unclear. Here, to obtain clues to ...this mechanism, we characterized the swimming motility of the Burkholderia symbiont under an advanced optical microscope. High-speed imaging of cells enabled the detection of turn events with up to 5-ms temporal resolution, indicating that cells showed reversal motions (θ ~ 180°) with rapid changes in speed by a factor of 3.6. Remarkably, staining of the flagellar filaments with a fluorescent dye Cy3 revealed that the flagellar filaments wrap around the cell body with a motion like that of a ribbon streamer in rhythmic gymnastics. A motility assay with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed that the left-handed flagellum wound around the cell body and propelled it forward by its clockwise rotation. We also detected periodic-fluorescent signals of flagella on the glass surface, suggesting that flagella possibly contacted the solid surface directly and produced a gliding-like motion driven by flagellar rotation. Finally, the wrapping motion was also observed in a symbiotic bacterium of the bobtail squid, Aliivibrio fischeri, suggesting that this motility mode may contribute to migration on the mucus-filled narrow passage connecting to the symbiotic organ.
Predmet istraživanja jesu terminološki tvorbeni načini u hrvatskome sportskogimnastičkom nazivlju. Rad se naslanja na prijašnja istraživanja tvorbenih načina u drugim strukama, no u njemu se ...analiziraju specifični primjeri iz predmetnoga područja koji svojom tvorbom i značenjem odražavaju specifičnosti jezika struke. Sportskogimnastičko nazivlje do sada nije standardizirano, pa bi ovaj rad mogao biti polazište u tom složenom postupku, unaprijeđen suradnjom predmetnih stručnjaka i jezikoslovaca.
The subject matter in this research is word-formation types in the Croatian artistic gymnastics terminology. The article relies on studies of word-formation types in other professions. However, specific examples from the subject domain are analysed, which reflect, as their formation and meaning are regarded, the specifics of the LSP. Since the standardization of the artistic gymnastics terminology has not been done yet, this article could be a starting point for this complex process which demands the co-operation of experts from the domain under consideration and linguists.
Aerobics is a body exercise combining gymnastics, dance and music. In aerobics training and competitions, music runs through. Based on multimedia information technology, this article introduces the ...software and hardware of aerobics computer music production, aerobics music arrangement steps and operation methods, and provides a certain reference for aerobics music production and research.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a day with two separate training sessions (morning and afternoon) of rhythmic gymnastics on erythrocytes, leukocytes, muscle damage, oxidative ...stress, and hydration of Brazilian team age 17.7 (±1.1) years; body height 165 (±0.5) cm; body mass 49.7 (±4.2) kg. Heart rate and session-ratings of perceived exertion were used to monitor training intensity. Blood samples were collected immediately before (M1) and after (M2) the training day for analyzing erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma creatine kinase activity, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, ferric reducing ability plasma, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free T4. Saliva was collected for cortisol analysis. After 24 hours rest (M3), blood collection was performed to analyze creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. The moderate-intensity training day induced significant elevations of total leukocytes (5,163.3 to 9,617.8), lymphocytes (1,752.7 to 2,729.7), neutrophils (2,873.9 to 6,163.6), monocytes (255.7 to 519.1), platelets (280,000.0 to 300,666.7), aspartate aminotransferase (13.1 to 25.6), lactate dehydrogenase (102.5 to 249.1), thyroid-stimulating hormone (1.0 to 3.2), and ferric reducing ability plasma (136.8 to 165.4), as well as significant reductions in red cells (4,691,111.1 to 4,497,777.8), hematocrit (42.1 to 39.3), and hemoglobin (12.9 to 12.5) at M2. There were also significant increases in creatine kinase (144.2 to 519.3) and lactate dehydrogenase (102.5 to 538.2) at M3. The average dehydration rate was 1.3%. A moderate-intensity day of training in rhythmic gymnastics of 8h21min duration caused hemolysis, leukocytosis, muscle damage, redox status perturbations, and insufficient hydration status. These findings show that athletes are exposed to physiological vulnerabilities that can possibly harm their performance and health.
The purpose of the study was to examine the low impact aerobic gymnastics on body mass index and thigh circumference in women. The subjects of the study were 20 female members of Dharmawanita ...receiving low impact aerobic for 6 weeks. This study used an experimental method. Pre-test data were taken before the treatment and post-test data were taken after treatments. The data were then analyzed. The result showed the t-value was 6,26 for body mass index and 2.57 for thigh circumference, while t-table is 1.729 (p 0.05). It concludes that taking the low impact aerobic gymnastics can significantly reduce the body mass index and thigh circumference in women gradually.
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