For more than 45 years, the Historic Documents series has made primary source research easy by presenting excerpts from documents on the important events of each year for the United States and the ...world. Each volume includes approximately 60 events with well over 100 documents from the previous year, from official or other influential reports and surveys, to speeches from leaders and opinion makers, to court cases, legislation, testimony, and much more. Historic Documents is renowned for the well-written and informative background, history, and context it provides for each document. Each volume begins with an insightful essay that sets the year's events in context, and each document or group of documents is preceded by a comprehensive introduction that provides background information on the event. Full-source citations are provided. Readers have easy access to material through a detailed, thematic table of contents, and each event includes references to related coverage and documents from the last ten editions of the series. Events covered in the 2017 Edition include: The intricacies of the new presidential administration of Donald Trump Russian involvement in the U.S. presidential election U.S. and global policies on immigration and refugees Landmark Supreme Court rulings on gerrymandering and state grant money for parochial schools, and the appointment of Neil Gorsuch Global warming and climate change agreements and policies European elections, including those in the UK, France, and Germany Outcomes of the G-20 Summit North Korea and international calls to action Volumes in this series dating back to 1972 are available as online editions on SAGE Knowledge.
Coastal areas have been under pressure throughout history. Today these environments are occupied by a large portion of the world population and are dramatically affected by human activities. For a ...better understanding of the natural evolution of coastal ecosystems and their present state, historical studies are necessary. For this purpose researchers should apply methods that combine different historical sources, such as historic mapping and oral sources. In this paper we examine land uses that led to the disappearance of an arid coastal dune system, and the way to study it. Results reveal that each different land use had a different impact on the environment, and this was in correspondence with socio-economic needs. Finally, we discuss the results obtained and the methodology used.
•A multi-analytical approach based on FTIR, Raman, SERS and UV-visible spectroscopies, XRD, CHN and ESI-MS analyses for the identification of five early synthetic dyes ok unknown composition, ...belonging to the “Primo Levi” Chemistry Museum (Rome).•An extensive literature search on the history of dye production to confirm the reliability of the hypotheses formulated.•Towards the identification of early synthetic dyes in artefacts laying the basis for their conservation, valorisation and restoration.
In the present work a historical collection of early synthetic dyes, stored at the “Primo Levi” Chemistry Museum of the Università La Sapienza di Roma, the so-called coloreria, was investigated through different analytical techniques: Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-visible, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) spectroscopies, CHN elemental analysis, electron-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The aim was to characterise five dyes of unknown composition, produced by one of the main dye manufacturers of the 19th century, the Leopold Cassella & Co. The combination of the different methods led to the identification of the five colourants as Chrysoidine G, Amaranth, Direct Scarlet B, Acid Fuchsin and Nile Blue, and extensive bibliographic research confirmed the reliability of the hypotheses formulated on the basis of the analytical data.
This study uses historical sources to extend the period of meteorological data in northeastern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). Atmospheric temperature, wind strength and direction, and perception of ...temperature are extracted from instrumental, documentary, and narrative sources. Perceptions of temperature during the summer and winter months are sorted using a 5-point index based on climate and environmental observations. A confidence scale is elaborated based on the quality, density, and temporality of the sources. From 1880 to 1950, the climate normals of temperature remained similar; however, annual and decadal climatic variability is evident based on the mean monthly and seasonal temperature records and the temperature index. Compared to recent data (twenty-first century), the temperature was 1.5 °C colder. This paper also identifies a correlation between the historical data and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Extremely positive phases of the NAO are associated with colder-than-normal periods along the Hudson Strait. Harsh winters are documented in 1883–1885, 1906–1907, and 1913–1914, with predominant west and north-west winds. From 1920 to 1925, the cold winters induced the persistence of sea ice during the summers. Winters appeared to be snowier (1916–1918) during the extremely negative phases of the NAO, while the last decade of the record showed mild and rainy summers. The correlation between temperature and NAO anomalies suggests that northeastern Nunavik is regionally influenced by the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation.
In the nineteenth century, numerous settlements were established in the alpine region of Fennoscandia (the Scandes), an area that later became a major international scene for Arctic research. Here we ...raise awareness of this era and show that earthworm-driven bioturbation in “pristine” soils around contemporary Arctic research infrastructure is caused by soil fauna left behind during early land use. We use soil preserved under an alpine settlement to highlight that soils were not bioturbated when the first house was built at a site where bioturbation is now widespread. A review of archived material with unique site-specific chronology constrained the onset of bioturbation to the post-1871 era. Our results suggest that small-scale land use introduced earthworms that now thrive far beyond the realms of former cultivated fields. The legacy of soil fauna from this example of “ecological imperialism” still lingers and should be considered when studying soils of the Scandes.
•We develop a novel mixed method approach for studying the evolution of rules.•Evolution of mass production confirms the propositions of Deep Transitions theory.•Crisis of a mature meta-regime ...stimulates its internal transformation.•Text mining shows promise for the study of complex long-term multi-system change.
Industrial societies contain a range of socio-technical systems fulfilling functions such as the provision of energy, food, mobility, housing, healthcare, finance and communications. The recent Deep Transitions (DT) framework outlines a series of propositions on how the multi-system co-evolution over 250 years of these systems has contributed to several current social and ecological crises. Drawing on evolutionary institutionalism, the DT framework places a special emphasis on the concepts of ‘rules’ and ‘meta-rules’ as coordination mechanisms within and across socio-technical systems. In this paper, we employ a mixed-method approach to provide an empirical assessment of the propositions of the DT framework. We focus on the historical evolution of mass production from the 18th century to the present. Combining a qualitative narrative based on a synthesis of secondary historical literature with a quantitative text mining-based analysis of the corpus of Scientific American (1845–2019), we map the emergence and alignment of rules underpinning mass production. Our study concludes by reflecting on important methodological lessons for the application of text mining techniques to examine large-scale and long-term socio-technical dynamics.
The purpose of this article is to offer a clear and concise overview of the didactic perspectives on the interpretation of historical sources that have been developed in recent years. To this end, we ...have considered it appropriate to dedicate a few paragraphs to the problems of current historical education and to the proposals that seek to remedy this situation. Likewise, we have specified the scope of historical thinking in history teaching and presented the main research associated with it. The exposition of these details has served as a preamble to the central development of the topic. In the main section, we have presented the treatment of historical sources as a methodological process, intimately related to their interpretation, which accounts for the skills and abilities that the student must develop for the satisfaction of historical research problems. As conclusions we emphasize the importance of the use of historical sources in the disciplinary and methodological understanding of the subject by the students. Finally, regarding the methodology used for the elaboration of this work, we have resorted to the bibliographic analysis of various sources of information, including theses, research articles and books, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic we have proposed to investigate.
Poredbom
dubrovačkih izvora za drugu polovinu 14. stoljeća ustanovljeno je da se
kroničarski opisi epidemija koje su u to vrijeme pogodile Dubrovnik moraju
uzimati s rezervom. Nužna je provjera ...podataka koje donose dubrovačke kronike,
i to poglavito sučeljavanjem s podacima sadržanim u suvremenim zapisnicima
dubrovačkih vijeća. Nažalost, za dio godina u promatranom razdoblju ti
zapisnici nisu sačuvani, no kao „kontrolni element” provjere točnosti
kroničarskih zapisa mogu poslužiti oporuke, čija je brojnost rasla upravo u
godinama kad je Grad pogodila epidemija.
A comparison of various Dubrovnik sources relevant for
the second half of the 14th century has established that the chroniclers’
records of epidemics that struck Dubrovnik during that time must be taken with
a grain of salt. It is necessary to double-check the data provided by the
Dubrovnik chronicles, especially by juxtaposing them with the information
provided by the minutes of Dubrovnik’s councils from the same period.
Unfortunately, such records have not been preserved for a part of the observed
period, but last wills can be used as another “corrective” for the accuracy of the
chroniclers’ records, as their number increased in the years when the City was
struck by the epidemic.
Historians often refer to past events which took place prior to their narrative's proper past - that is, they refer to a 'plupast'. This past embedded in the past can be evoked by characters as well ...as by the historian in his own voice. It can bring into play other texts, but can also draw on lieux de mémoire or on material objects. The articles assembled in this volume explore the manifold forms of the plupast in Greek and Roman historians from Herodotus to Appian. The authors demonstrate that the plupast is a powerful tool for the creation of historical meaning. Moreover, the acts of memory embedded in the historical narrative parallel to some degree the historian's activity of recording the past. The plupast thereby allows Greek and Roman historians to reflect on how (not) to write history and gains metahistorical significance. In shedding new light on the temporal complexity and the subtle forms of self-conscious reflection in the works of ancient historians, Time and Narrative in Ancient Historiography significantly enhances our understanding of their narrative art.
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