Local actors are promoted as important agents in the humanitarian sector's latest reform efforts. Opinions on the exact meaning and the best means of implementing localisation differ, however. ...Applying an interface perspective, this paper analyses how the Rohingya response in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, became an arena of contestation, competition, and sometimes convergence among different actors in relation to localisation. It shows how misconceptions and divergent understandings of localisation and the best methods of achieving it were prevalent and hampered the joint endeavours of international and local humanitarian bodies. Although both sides sought common ground, conflicting views, interests, and perceptions of ‘self’ and ‘other’ stood in the way. A lack of trust between international and local organisations intensified divisions. The paper argues, therefore, that the humanitarian sector needs to engage in trust‐building between the various entities involved in humanitarian response if localisation is to be realised, including addressing underlying structural and systemic issues of (neo)colonialism, racism, and classism.
نبذة مختصرة
وبمقتضي تسمية توطين الجهات الفاعلة المحلية، يتم الترويج لها كعناصر مهمة في الاستجابات الإنسانية في جهود الاصلاحات الأخيرة التي يبذلها القطاع الإنساني. الآراء حول المعنى الدقيق وأفضل الممارسات لتنفيذ التعريب اختلفت على أية حال. يُحلل هذا البحث بتطبيق منظور الحد المشترك كيف أصبحت استجابة الروهينغا في كوكس بازار ساحة للتنافس والمنافسة والتقارب في بعض الأحيان بين مختلف الجهات الفاعلة حول التعريب. ويوضح البحث كيف كانت المفاهيم الخاطئة والفهم المتباين للتعريب، كذلك أفضل السُبل السائدة لتنفيذه والتي أعاقت الجهود المشتركة للجهات الفاعلة الإنسانية الدولية والمحلية. وعلى الرغم من أن كلا الجانبين سعى إلى أساس مشترك والتفاعل في حوار، فأن الآراء والمصالح والتصورات المتضاربة عن الذات وغيرها تقف في طريق ظهور رؤية مشتركة. وقد زاد الافتقار إلى الثقة بين الجهات الفاعلة الدولية والمحلية من حدة الانقسامات. لذلك، يتناقش هذا البحث في أن القطاع الإنساني بحاجة إلى المشاركة في جهود بناء الثقة بين مختلف الجهات الفاعلة المشاركة في الاستجابة الإنسانية إذا كان للتعريب أن يتحقق بما في ذلك القضايا الهيكلية والنظامية الأساسية للاستعمار (الجديد) والنعصرية والطبقية.
الكلمات الدليلية بنغلاديش، العمل الإنساني، التعريب، المنظمات غير الحكومية المحلية، استجابة الروهينغا، الثقة
摘要
在人道主义部门最新改革中，贴着本地化标签的地方行动者被提升为人道主义援助的重要推动者。然而，对于本地化的含义和最佳实施方法，人们的意见存在分歧。本文从接口的角度，分析了为何科克斯巴扎尔的罗兴亚人的人道主义援助，会让人们对本地化问题众说纷纭。本文展示了为何人们对本地化及其最佳实施方式有不同认识和误解，甚至阻碍了国际和当地人道主义行动者的共同努力。尽管国际和地方行动者双方寻求共同点并进行对话，但相互冲突的观点、利益和看法使得双方无法达成共识。二者之间缺乏信任，进一步加剧了分歧。因此，本文认为，如果要实现本地化，人道主义部门需要在人道主义援助者之间建立信任，包括解决（新）殖民主义、种族主义和阶级主义等潜在的结构性、系统性问题。
关键词：孟加拉国、人道主义行动、本地化、当地非政府组织、罗兴亚人道援助、信任
Narratives are a means of making sense of disasters and crises. The humanitarian sector communicates stories widely, encompassing representations of peoples and events. Such communications have been ...critiqued for misrepresenting and/or silencing the root causes of disasters and crises, depoliticising them. What has not been researched is how such communications represent disasters and crises in Indigenous settings. This is important because processes such as colonisation are often at the origin but are typically masked in communications. A narrative analysis of humanitarian communications is employed here to identify and characterise narratives in humanitarian communications involving Indigenous Peoples. Narratives differ based upon how the humanitarians who produce them think that disasters and crises should be governed. The paper concludes that humanitarian communications reflect more about the relationship between the international humanitarian community and its audience than reality, and underlines that narratives mask global processes that link audiences of humanitarian communications with Indigenous Peoples.
Humanitarian organizations are increasingly interested in using seasonal forecasts to prepare for and mitigate the impacts of potential disasters before they begin. El Niño teleconnections increase ...the predictability of flooding and drought events in Southern and Eastern Africa, providing humanitarian stakeholders with advanced warning of potential weather events. This study draws on evidence from key-informant interviews with humanitarian organizations and government officials in five African countries (Zambia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Malawi) to better understand how national, regional, and international humanitarian organizations respond to climate and weather warnings. We find that organizations looked to data from past El Niño events to develop contingency plans and gradually implement response activities but that few organizations attempt to monitor and evaluate their activities or use forecasts to help people capture additional benefits. Although they would like greater specificity and higher forecast skill, humanitarians largely trust international forecasts. Access to intermediaries, contextualized data, and flexible funding, and well-established social protection mechanisms facilitate action. Based on these results we recommend that future efforts focus on developing capacities and complementary, localized, information that will help actors translate the forecasts into action. Future research is also needed to understand whether action leads to desired impacts.
This paper presents evidence relating to a forecast‐based cash and non‐food item distribution among vulnerable herder households during the 2017–18 dzud (extreme winter) season in Mongolia, and ...analyses the results of a quasi‐experimental study evaluating its impacts. An innovative approach in disaster risk reduction, forecast‐based financing (FbF) can have short‐ and long‐term benefits to vulnerable households but remains understudied. The paper contributes information on a multimodal FbF programme offering one‐off cash grants and in‐kind veterinary kits. The data found significant effects of reduced mortality and increased offspring survival in some types of livestock, and that the timing of FbF assistance is crucial, as reported early assistance correlated to positive outcomes in terms of reduced animal mortality. These findings can be used to design more effective FbF interventions, to understand better the appropriateness of FbF designs, and to use early warnings and early actions to help people prepare and withstand disasters such as dzuds.
الملخص
تقدم هذه المقالة أدلة على التوزيع النقدي المستند إلى التنبؤات وأدوات رعاية الحيوانات بين أسر الرعاة الضعيفة خلال فترة 2017‐2018 الشتوية (الشتاء القارس) في منغوليا، وتحلل نتائج دراسة شبه تجريبية لتقييم آثارها. يمكن أن يكون للنهج المبتكر في الحد من مخاطر الكوارث، والتمويل القائم على التنبؤ (FbF) آثار إيجابية قصيرة الأجل وطويلة الأجل للأسر المعرضة للخطر ولكن لا يزال غير مدروس. تساهم هذه المقالة بمعلومات حول برنامَج (FbF) متعدد الوسائط يقدم منحًا نقدية لمرة واحدة ومعدات بيطرية عينية. وجدت البيانات آثارًا كبيرة لتقليل معدل الوفيات وزيادة بقاء النسل في بعض أنواع الماشية، ووجدت أن توقيت مساعدة (FbF) أمر بالغ الأهمية، حيث أن طلب المساعدة مبكرا يرتبط بالنتائج الإيجابية لتقليل معدل وفيات الحيوانات. يمكن أن تساهم هذه النتائج في تصميم تدخلات FbF أكثر فاعلية، وفهم أفضل لمدى ملاءمة تصاميم FbF، واستخدام التحذيرات المبكرة والإجراءات المبكرة لمساعدة الناس على الاستعداد للكوارث ومقاومة الكوارث مثل الزود (فصول الشتاء شديدة القسوة).
摘要
本文提供了蒙古2017‐2018年极端冬季期间，基于预测的现金和动物护理包在脆弱牧民家庭中的分发证据，并分析了一项评估其影响的准实验研究的结果。减少灾害风险和基于预测的融资(FbF)的创新方法对弱势群体的家庭能产生积极的短期和长期影响，但仍有待研究。本文提供了一次性现金赠款和兽药实物包的多模式FbF项目的信息。数据发现，在某些类型的牲畜中，降低死亡率和提高后代存活率具有显著效果，并发现FbF的帮助至关重要，因为报道的早期援助与降低动物死亡率的结果是积极相关联的。这些发现可以帮助设计更有效的防雨干预措施，更好地理解防雨设计的适宜性，并利用早期预警和早期行动帮助人们准备和抵御暴风雪等类的灾害。
This research analyzes mechanisms fostering states’ compliance to international treaties. It argues that a treaty accountability network surrounds states when they commit to an international covenant ...and that actors belonging to the network have leverage on states to hold them accountable. This study is particularly interested in the role NGOs and IOs play as actors within this network. It identifies two main ways for holding states accountable: direct and indirect. Indirect accountability is conceptualized as mechanisms where aid recipients are empowered by organizations and will henceforth hold their states accountable. This research provides a small-N case-study on the UNCRC, maps the treaty accountability network surrounding it, identifies accountability mechanisms developed by one OI (UNICEF) and one NGO (Terre des Hommes Suisse) and examines pathways used by one state (Switzerland). We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.
This paper focuses on the collective engagement of CAR refugees in the eastern border area of Cameroon, specifically in the local council of Garoua-Boulaï. What is the context of emergence of this ...collective commitment? What can we say about its origin, its forms and its evolution? How does it relate to the space? The paper assumes that the collective engagement of CAR refugees in the East of Cameroon takes place in an environment defined and controlled by humanitarian actors, promoting the emergence of an associative-humanitarian field. The spatial dimension of this engagement appears in the constitution of a local social space marked by humanitarian action and in the urban centrality that seems to characterize this collective engagement.
The Necessity of Humanitarian Reform Abdeen, Ms Fatima Abdulhameed
World journal of entrepreneurship, management and sustainable development,
01/2023, Letnik:
19, Številka:
3-4
Journal Article
This ePaper explores the endeavours and motivations of the leading figures of the Japanese Red Cross Society, which forms the streams of the Red Cross Movement that get overshadowed in the ...Eurocentric narrative of its history. Using various primary sources from archives and studying the historical context of the time, the paper highlights how the main protagonists with similar backgrounds to the founders of the International Committee of the Red Cross proactively sought to establish and develop the movement both at the national and international level from 1867 to 1919. Moreover, a close examination of their backgrounds as well as their thoughts as expressed in their writings suggests that their motivations to engage in Red Cross work were multiple and in part, if not entirely, shaped by various needs to fulfil their own desire and sense of obligation. We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.
Approximately one million refugees of the Rohingya minority population in Myanmar crossed the border to Bangladesh on 25 August 2017, seeking shelter from systematic oppression and persecution. This ...led to a dramatic expansion of the Kutupalong refugee camp within a couple of months and a decrease of vegetation in the surrounding forests. As many humanitarian organizations demand frameworks for camp monitoring and environmental impact analysis, this study suggests a workflow based on spaceborne radar imagery to measure the expansion of settlements and the decrease of forests. Eleven image pairs of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2, as well as a digital elevation model, were used for a supervised land cover classification. These were trained on automatically-derived reference areas retrieved from multispectral images to reduce required user input and increase transferability. Results show an overall decrease of vegetation of 1500 hectares, of which 20% were used to expand the camp and 80% were deforested, which matches findings from other studies of this case. The time-series analysis reduced the impact of seasonal variations on the results, and accuracies between 88% and 95% were achieved. The most important input variables for the classification were vegetation indices based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter intensity, but topographic parameters also played a role.
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