Hybrid dynamical systems Goebel, Rafal; Sanfelice, Ricardo G; Teel, Andrew R
2012, 2012., 20120318, 2012-03-18
eBook, Book
Hybrid dynamical systems exhibit continuous and instantaneous changes, having features of continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems. Filled with a wealth of examples to illustrate concepts, ...this book presents a complete theory of robust asymptotic stability for hybrid dynamical systems that is applicable to the design of hybrid control algorithms--algorithms that feature logic, timers, or combinations of digital and analog components.
Today, conventional power systems are evolving to modern smart grids, where interconnected microgrids may dominate the distribution system with high penetration of renewable energy and energy storage ...systems. The hybrid ac/dc systems with dc and ac sources/loads are considered to be the most possible future distribution or even transmission structures. For such hybrid ac/dc microgrids, power management strategies are one of the most critical operation aspects. This paper presents an overview of power management strategies for a hybrid ac/dc microgrid system, which includes different system structures (ac-coupled, dc-coupled, and ac-dc-coupled hybrid microgrids), different operation modes, a thorough study of various power management and control schemes in both steady state and transient conditions, and examples of power management and control strategies. Finally, discussion and recommendations of power management strategies for the further research are presented.
Climate change, urban air quality, and dependency on crude oil are important societal challenges. In the transportation sector especially, clean and energy efficient technologies must be developed. ...Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have gained a growing interest in the vehicle industry. Nowadays, the commercialization of EVs and PHEVs has been possible in different applications (i.e., light duty, medium duty, and heavy duty vehicles) thanks to the advances in energy storage systems, power electronics converters (including DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, and battery charging systems), electric machines, and energy efficient power flow control strategies. This book is based on the Special Issue of the journal Applied Sciences on “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)”. This collection of research articles includes topics such as novel propulsion systems, emerging power electronics and their control algorithms, emerging electric machines and control techniques, energy storage systems, including BMS, and efficient energy management strategies for hybrid propulsion, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H), grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies, and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems.
•Summarized the topological structure types of fuel cell hybrid vehicles.•Summarize the optimal parameters in the energy management strategy.•Expounded several objectives of energy management ...optimization.•Analyzed and summarized the GA optimization effect on EMS.•Prospecting the challenge and direction of energy management optimization.
Under the background of current environmental pollution and serious shortage of fossil energy, the development of electric vehicles driven by clean new energy is the key to solve this problem, especially the hybrid electric vehicle driven by fuel cell is the most effective solution. Many scholars have found that the output performance of hybrid system is an important reason to determine the life of fuel cell. Unreasonable output will affect the control characteristics of the drive system, resulting in a series of serious consequences such as the reduction of the life of fuel cell hybrid power system. Therefore, the energy management strategy and performance optimization of hybrid system is the key to ensure the normal operation of the system. At present, many excellent researchers have carried out relevant research in this field. Genetic algorithm is a heuristic algorithm, which has better optimization performance. It can easily choose satisfactory solutions according to the optimization objectives, and make up for these shortcomings by using its own characteristics. These characteristics make genetic algorithm have outstanding advantages in the iterative optimization of energy management strategy. This paper analyzes and summarizes the optimization effect of genetic algorithm in various energy management strategies, aiming to analyze and select the optimization rules and parameters, optimization objects and optimization objectives. This paper hopes to provide guidance for the optimal control strategy and structural design of the fuel cell hybrid power system, contribute to the research on improving the energy utilization efficiency of the hybrid power system and extending the life of the fuel cell, and provide more ideas for the optimization of energy management in the future.
An update literature review on trends in optimization techniques used for the design and development of solar photovoltaic–wind based hybrid energy systems is presented. The main objective is to ...identify latest promising techniques for the optimization of solar photovoltaic (PV)–wind based hybrid systems. Different techniques used by researchers for the optimization of renewable based hybrid energy systems are reviewed along with PV–wind based hybrid system sizing methodology, is presented. Optimization studies during last 2.5 decades by researchers using traditional and new generation methods are analyzed and sixteen optimization methods including hybrid algorithms are presented. The trend shows that new generation artificial intelligence algorithms are mostly used during last decade as these require less computation time and have better accuracy, good convergence in comparison to traditional methods. The study suggests using hybridization of two or more algorithms to overcome the limitations of a single algorithm. Additionally some other techniques are identified for follow up research in the design of PV–wind hybrid systems. This review will be useful for researchers to face complexity and challenges in renewable energy based hybrid system research.
Increasing environmental concerns are driving the shipping industry to take strict measures to deal with greenhouse gas emissions. International Maritime Organization drives the industry to find more ...efficient and environmentally friendly power systems. To mitigate harmful emissions, researches on marine alternative fuels, operational improvements like slow steaming or predictive maintenance, and additional emission abatement technologies are not sufficient. The use of electricity as the main energy vector is one of the ways to improve the shipping propulsion system's efficiency. In this study, power generation technologies, energy storage components, energy management systems, and hybrid propulsion topologies are reviewed. Diesel engines, fuel cells, solar and wind power as renewable energy sources are discussed as power generation units. On the energy storage side, batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels are presented and described. Three common hybrid propulsion configurations, serial, parallel, and serial-parallel architectures are detailed with their pros and cons by highlighting commonly used energy management systems and optimization methods. Lastly, criteria for hybrid system selection are defined according to eight different ship types and assessed by providing a generic methodological approach. It is shown that electrical components and architectural design should be elaborated according to operational and architectural characteristics for ships. In short term, it is concluded that internal combustion engines are still the major hybridization element with different energy storage systems. New regulations on the mitigation of harmful emissions will accelerate the transition to hybrid power which is an important option for the ultimate zero-carbon shipping goal.
•Reviews the state-of-the-art hybrid power, energy storage systems, and propulsion for ships.•Classifies hybrid propulsion topologies for ships.•Reviews electric and hybrid energy management strategies for ships.•Proposes criteria on the system selection.•Assesses hybrid system according to different ship types.
The Pontryagin's minimum principle is utilized in this paper to determine the best solution of component sizing and energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle which is equipped ...with a hybrid energy storage system. The hybrid energy storage system, including batteries and supercapacitors, is an effective solution to extend battery life span and reduce the vehicle operating cost. The operating costs of different hybrid energy storage system candidates, including fuel cost, electricity cost, and battery degradation cost over 6 consecutive China bus driving cycles, are minimized by using a 2-dimensional Pontryagin's minimum principle algorithm proposed in this paper. The proposed Pontryagin's minimum principle algorithm not only determines the optimal energy management strategy, but also globally finds the optimal battery and supercapacitor sizes. It is shown that the operating cost strictly decreases with increasing battery and supercapacitor sizes. In addition, simulation results show that the operating cost is reduced by up to 28.6% when compared to a conventional hybrid powertrain without supercapacitors. Thus the effectiveness of adopting supercapacitors in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is verified.
•The performance of the PHEV with a hybrid energy storage system is analyzed.•The Pontryagin's minimum principle is utilized to solve the optimization problem.•Optimal component sizes and energy management strategy are obtained simultaneously.•The operation cost can be reduced by 28.6% when the SC pack is adopted in the PHEV.
The design and development of advanced energy storage devices with good energy/power densities and remarkable cycle life has long been a research hotspot. Metal‐ion hybrid capacitors (MHCs) are ...considered as emerging and highly prospective candidates deriving from the integrated merits of metal‐ion batteries with high energy density and supercapacitors with excellent power output and cycling stability. The realization of high‐performance MHCs needs to conquer the inevitable imbalance in reaction kinetics between anode and cathode with different energy storage mechanisms. Featured by large specific surface area, short ion diffusion distance, ameliorated in‐plane charge transport kinetics, and tunable surface and/or interlayer structures, 2D nanomaterials provide a promising platform for manufacturing battery‐type electrodes with improved rate capability and capacitor‐type electrodes with high capacity. In this article, the fundamental science of 2D nanomaterials and MHCs is first presented in detail, and then the performance optimization strategies from electrodes and electrolytes of MHCs are summarized. Next, the most recent progress in the application of 2D nanomaterials in monovalent and multivalent MHCs is dealt with. Furthermore, the energy storage mechanism of 2D electrode materials is deeply explored by advanced characterization techniques. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of 2D nanomaterials‐based MHCs are prospected.
This review provides a comprehensive and in‐depth understanding of the structure–performance relationship and underlying mechanisms of 2D nanomaterials for various monovalent and multivalent metal‐ion hybrid capacitors. Finally, prospects and challenges for further development are proposed.
Heterogeneous catalysis benefits from some merits such as facile catalyst separation and recyclability. In this context, use of halloysite that is a naturally occurring clay with tubular morphology ...received growing attention and in recent decade many halloysite –based heterogeneous catalysts have been developed. Halloysite is a promising candidate for the formation of composites and hybrids. Mostly, halloysite preserved its structure in the course of hybridization and the properties of the resulting hybrids/composites depend on some factors such as the content of halloysite, preparation procedure and the hybrid/composite components. To date, halloysite based hybrids/composites have been applied for promoting various chemical and photochemical transformations. Mostly, this class of compounds exhibited promising catalytic performances that were superior to their individual components, suggesting the synergism between halloysite and the composite/hybrid component(s). Considering the outstanding catalytic performance of these composites/hybrids as catalysts or catalyst supports, this review article targets disclosing the catalytic utility of the halloysite nanocomposites/hybrids. The classification presented in this review is based on the types of the components that were hybridized with halloysite. In each section, it is tried to discuss the catalytic performance of the hybrid/composite and the effects of incorporation of halloysite on the catalysis.
•Up-to-date evaluation of graphene-based gas sensors.•Hybrids of graphene with noble metals, metal oxides, and conducting polymers.•Systematic comparison of gas-sensing principles graphene-based ...hybrids.•Systematic comparison of gas-sensing properties of graphene-based hybrids.•Presentation of future outlook for graphene-based hybrid gas sensors.
Gas sensors can detect combustible, explosive and toxic gases, and have been widely used in safety monitoring and process control in residential buildings, industries and mines. Recently, graphene-based hybrids were widely investigated as chemiresistive gas sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity. This systematic review is therefore timely and necessary to evaluate the success of graphene-based hybrids in gas detection and to identify their challenges. We review the sensing principles and the synthesis process of the graphene-based hybrids with noble metals, metal oxides and conducting polymers to achieve better understanding and design of novel gas sensors. Our review will assist researchers to understand the evolution and the challenges of graphene-based hybrids, and create interest in development of gas-sensing techniques.
