Sheep and goat production is an important economic activity in Spain with an increasing interest in milk production. Multiovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) and In vitro Embryo Production (IVEP) ...are assisted reproductive technologies aimed at increasing the genetic diffusion of females. In vitro embryo production is a multi‐step methodology comprising the following procedures: (i) In vitro Maturation (IVM) of oocytes recovered directly from the follicles, (ii) In vitro Fertilization (IVF) or co‐incubation of capacitated spermatozoa with in vitro matured oocytes and (iii) In vitro culture (IVC) of zygotes up to the blastocyst stage. In vitro embryo production from oocytes recovered from prepubertal females is called JIVET (Juvenile in vitro Embryo Transfer) and allows shortened generation intervals and increased genetic gain. Embryo production together with embryo cryoconservation would allow large‐scale embryo marketing, a pathogen‐free genetic movement and easier and cheaper germplasm commercial transactions. Commercial Embryo activity in small ruminants is low compared to cows in the European Union (data from the European Embryo Transfer Association) and in the world (data from the International Embryo Transfer Association). There is less IVEP research in small ruminants compared to other livestock species. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current status of IVEP of small ruminant with an emphasis on (i) description of the main methodologies currently used for IVM, IVF and IVC of embryos (ii) comparing procedures and outputs from JIVET and IVEP of adult females and (iii) the future research perspectives of this technology.
Fish oil is used for its numerous health and nutritional benefits. Nevertheless, it is unstable during production, storage, and application. Nanoemulsions can be used as an effective carrier for ...encapsulated nutraceuticals. The effects of different components on the stability of fish oil nanoemulsions with soybean protein isolate-phosphatidylcholine (SPI-PC) were studied by characterizing particle size, polydispersity index, ζ-potential, turbidity, and turbiscan stability index. The SPI-PC nanoemulsions with optimal stability were prepared with 2% SPI, 0.2% PC, 1.5% fish oil, and 100 MPa homogenization pressure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy verified that the oil droplet was encapsulated inside the nanoemulsions. Compared with a Tween 20 nanoemulsions control group, the SPI-PC nanoemulsions have better storage and oxidative stability, and have better resistance to certain concentrations (0.1–0.5 M) of Na+. However, we found that the SPI-PC nanoemulsions resistance to acidic conditions was not as good as that of Tween 20. The SPI-PC nanoemulsions showed aggregation of droplets during in vitro gastric digestion while the Tween 20 nanoemulsions did not. The release rate of free fatty acids (FFA) reached 86.8% in the 2 h in vitro intestine digestion. SPI-PC nanoemulsions significantly increased the digestibility of fish oil compared with Tween 20 nanoemulsions. Hence, SPI-PC nanoemulsions could be a good way to stabilize fish oil and improve digestibility under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.
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•The effect of different components on the stability of fish oil nanoemulsions stabilized with SPI-PC was studied.•Fish oil nanoemulsions stabilized with SPI-PC have good stability at different conditions.•The release rate of FFA of fish oil nanoemulsions stabilized with SPI-PC was 86.8%.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate IVF outcome in women with unoperated bilateral endometriomas. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS: Two infertility units. PATIENT(S): Thirty-nine women ...with bilateral endometriomas matched with 78 unexposed control subjects. INTERVENTION(S): Analysis of data from patients who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF)–intracytoplasmic sperm injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ovarian responsiveness and oocyte quality. RESULT(S): Responsiveness to ovarian hyperstimulation was significantly reduced in women with bilateral endometriomas. The total numbers of developing follicles in case and control subjects were 9.6 ± 3.3 and 14.1 ± 6.8, respectively. The numbers of oocytes retrieved were 7.1 ± 3.2 and 9.8 ± 5.5, respectively. Conversely, oocyte retrieval was not hampered by the presence of the ovarian endometriomas. The rates (interquartile range) of oocytes retrieved per total number of developing follicles in case and control subjects were 77% (57%–88%) and 71% (63%–79%), respectively. Moreover, the quality of the retrieved oocytes did not differ. The fertilization rates (IQR) were 67% (56%–100%) and 70% (57%–100%), respectively. The rates (IQR) of top quality embryos per oocyte used were 33% (25%–50%) and 33% (20%–43%), respectively. The implantation rates were 22% and 23%, respectively. The clinical pregnancy rate and the delivery rate also did not differ. CONCLUSION(S): Although the presence of bilateral endometriomas at the time of IVF affects responsiveness to hyperstimulation, the quality of the oocytes retrieved and the chances of pregnancy are not affected.
To compare the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP) after embryo transfer on day 3(D3-ET) and day 5(D5-ET).
Meta-analysis.
Women with pregnancy resulting from in vitro undergoing in vitro fertilization ...(IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Twenty-two studies were identified through research conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases and ClinicalTrials.gov. All studies were conducted prior to October 2016. Adding the reproductive data from our center, a total of 143 643 pregnancies were reviewed(D3-ET: n = 62027,D5-ET:n = 81616). A lower EP rate was found in women undergoing D5-ET than in those undergoing D3-ET relative risk (RR), 0.67;95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54-0.85;143643 pregnancies in 23 studies; I2 = 67%. These results were validated in subgroups of fresh embryo-transfer (Fre-ET) cycles RR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.69-0.88; 91 871 pregnancies in 21 studies; I2 = 29% and frozen-thawed embryo-transfer (Fro-ET) cycles RR, 0.43; 95%CI, 0.36-0.51; 51 772 pregnancies in 10 studies; I2 = 33%. After separating out the randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a significant difference was found in the retrospective studies in both subgroups both Fre-ET (RR,0.78;95% CI 0.69-0.88);91182 pregnancies in 14 studies; I2 = 45% and Fro-ET(RR,0.43;95% CI 0.36-0.51; 51751pregnancies in 9 studies;I2 = 33%), while the RCTs showed no statistical significance for Fre-ET cyclesRR,0.86;95% CI 0.32-2.26); 689 pregnancies in 7 studies; I2 = 0%.
The present study indicates that D5-ET reduces the risk for EP in cycles that use IVF or ICSI, compared with D3-ET. It suggests that D5-ET may be a better choice for decreasing the EP rate in assisted reproductive technology. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are anticipated.
Diet and fertility: a review Gaskins, Audrey J.; Chavarro, Jorge E.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
04/2018, Letnik:
218, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The literature on the relationship between diet and human fertility has greatly expanded over the last decade, resulting in the identification of a few clear patterns. Intake of supplemental folic ...acid, particularly at doses higher than those recommended for the prevention of neural tube defects, has been consistently related to lower frequency of infertility, lower risk of pregnancy loss, and greater success in infertility treatment. On the other hand and despite promising evidence from animal models, vitamin D does not appear to exert an important role in human fertility in the absence of deficiency. Antioxidant supplementation does not appear to offer any benefits to women undergoing infertility treatment, but it appears to be beneficial when it is the male partner who is supplemented. However, the available evidence does not allow discerning which specific antioxidants, or at which doses, are responsible for this benefit. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids appear to improve female fertility, although it remains unclear to what extent contamination of shared food sources, such as fish with high levels of environmental toxicants, can dampen this benefit. Lastly, adherence to healthy diets favoring seafood, poultry, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are related to better fertility in women and better semen quality in men. The cumulative evidence has also piled against popular hypotheses. Dairy and soy, once proposed as reproductive toxicants, have not been consistently related to poor fertility. In fact, soy and soy supplements appear to exert a beneficial effect among women undergoing infertility treatment. Similarly, because data from large, high-quality studies continue to accumulate, the evidence of a potentially deleterious effect of moderate alcohol and caffeine intake on the ability to become pregnant seems less solid than it once did. While a complete picture of the role of nutrition on fertility is far from complete, much progress has been made. The most salient gaps in the current evidence include jointly considering female and male diets and testing the most consistent findings in randomized trials.
Vitamin D deficiency impairs female fertility and the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF). The recommended serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in IVF-conceived pregnancies is still debated. ...We aimed to explore the relationship of the preconception serum 25(OH)D level with pregnancy outcome following IVF treatment. We also explored the utility of the currently recommended serum 25(OH)D cutoff of ≥50 nmol/L for women undergoing IVF therapy.
Retrospective cohort of women who had undergone IVF therapy. Of the women who started IVF therapy (n = 354), 218 completed the study. They were divided into 2 groups: (1) women who achieved a successful pregnancy (pregnant group, n = 160) and (2) those who did not achieve a successful pregnancy (nonpregnant group, n = 58). Preconception serum samples were analyzed for reproductive hormones, fasting glucose, insulin, and 25(OH)D levels.
Overall, the median (interquartile range) age, body mass index, and hemoglobin A1c level were 32 (6) years, 25.7 (7.4) kg/m2, and 5.2% (0.6%), respectively. The 25(OH)D level was significantly higher at preconception in the pregnant group (56.4 21.4 vs 47.9 29.16 for nonpregnant, P = .001). The preconception 25(OH)D level was a significant predictor of IVF outcome (B = 0.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = .001), with greater IVF success associated with a serum 25(OH)D level of ≥50 nmol/L (odds ratio, 0.46; P = .01).
Preconception 25(OH)D sufficiency (≥50 nmol/L) is associated with successful pregnancy outcome following IVF therapy.
Assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro embryo production (IVP), have been successfully used in animal reproduction to optimize breeding strategies for improved production and health ...in animal husbandry. Despite the progress in IVP techniques over the years, further improvements in in vitro embryo culture systems are required for the enhancement of oocyte and embryo developmental competence. One of the most important issues associated with IVP procedures is the optimization of the in vitro culture of oocytes and embryos. Studies in different species of animals and in humans have identified important roles for receptor-mediated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in multiple aspects of human and animal reproductive tract function. The data on LPA signaling in the ovary and uterus suggest that LPA can directly contribute to embryo–maternal interactions via its influence on early embryo development beginning from the influence of the ovarian environment on the oocyte to the influence of the uterine environment on the preimplantation embryo. This review discusses the current status of LPA as a potential supplement in oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture media and current views on the potential involvement of the LPA signaling pathway in early embryo development.
•There is the possibility of LPA synthesis and LPA action in the oocytes and in the embryos.•LPA signaling has significant consequences for early embryo development.•LPA supports embryonic survival and improves in vitro embryo development.
The field of toxicology is currently undergoing a global paradigm shift to use of in vitro approaches for assessing the risks of chemicals and drugs in a more mechanistic and high throughput manner ...than current approaches relying primarily on in vivo testing. However, reliance on in vitro data entails a number of new challenges associated with translating the in vitro results to corresponding in vivo exposures. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling provides an effective framework for conducting quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). Their physiological structure facilitates the incorporation of in silico- and in vitro-derived chemical-specific parameters in order to predict in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In particular, the combination of in silico- and in vitro parameter estimation with PBPK modeling can be used to predict the in vivo exposure conditions that would produce chemical concentrations in the target tissue equivalent to the concentrations at which effects were observed with in vitro assays of tissue/organ toxicity. This review describes the various elements of QIVIVE and highlights key aspects of the process, with an emphasis on extrapolation of in vitro metabolism data to predict in vivo clearance as the key element. Other important elements include characterization of free concentration in the toxicity assay and potential complications associated with intestinal absorption and renal clearance. Examples of successful QIVIVE approaches are described ranging from a simple steady-state approach that is suitable for a high throughput environment to more complicated approaches requiring full PBPK models.
BACKGROUND The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association of progesterone elevation (PE) on the day of hCG administration with the probability of pregnancy in fresh, frozen-thawed and ...donor/recipient IVF cycles. METHODS A literature search in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, COCHRANE CENTRAL and ISI Web of Science was performed aiming to identify studies comparing the probability of pregnancy in patients with or without PE after ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins and GnRH analogues. Standard meta-analytic methodology was used for the synthesis of results and meta-regression for exploration of heterogeneity. RESULTS Sixty-three eligible studies were identified evaluating 55 199 fresh IVF cycles, nine studies evaluating 7229 frozen-thawed cycles and eight studies evaluating 1330 donor/recipient cycles. In fresh IVF cycles, a decreased probability of pregnancy achievement was present in women with PE (when PE was defined using a threshold ≥ 0.8 ng/ml) when compared with those without PE. The pooled effect sizes were 0.8-1.1 ng/ml: odds ratio (OR) = 0.79; 1.2-1.4 ng/ml: OR = 0.67; 1.5-1.75 ng/ml: OR = 0.64; 1.9-3.0 ng/ml: OR: 0.68 (P < 0.05 in all cases). No adverse effect of PE on achieving pregnancy was observed in the frozen-thawed and the donor/recipient cycles. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analysis of more than 60 000 cycles, it can be supported that PE on the day of hCG administration is associated with a decreased probability of pregnancy achievement in fresh IVF cycles in women undergoing ovarian stimulation using GnRH analogues and gonadotrophins. On the other hand, an adverse effect of PE does not seem to be present in frozen-thawed and donor/recipient cycles.
Human-assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are a widely accepted treatment for infertile couples. At the same time, many studies have suggested the correlation between ART and increased ...incidences of normally rare imprinting disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Angelman syndrome (AS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). Major methylation dynamics take place during cell development and the preimplantation stages of embryonic development. ART may prevent the proper erasure, establishment, and maintenance of DNA methylation. However, the causes and ART risk factors for these disorders are not well understood.
A nationwide epidemiological study in Japan in 2015 in which 2777 pediatrics departments were contacted and a total of 931 patients with imprinting disorders including 117 BWS, 227 AS, 520 PWS, and 67 SRS patients, were recruited. We found 4.46- and 8.91-fold increased frequencies of BWS and SRS associated with ART, respectively. Most of these patients were conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and showed aberrant imprinted DNA methylation. We also found that ART-conceived SRS (ART-SRS) patients had incomplete and more widespread DNA methylation variations than spontaneously conceived SRS patients, especially in sperm-specific methylated regions using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing to compare DNA methylomes. In addition, we found that the ART patients with one of three imprinting disorders, PWS, AS, and SRS, displayed additional minor phenotypes and lack of the phenotypes. The frequency of ART-conceived Prader-Willi syndrome (ART-PWS) was 3.44-fold higher than anticipated. When maternal age was 37 years or less, the rate of DNA methylation errors in ART-PWS patients was significantly increased compared with spontaneously conceived PWS patients.
We reconfirmed the association between ART and imprinting disorders. In addition, we found unique methylation patterns in ART-SRS patients, therefore, concluded that the imprinting disorders related to ART might tend to take place just after fertilization at a time when the epigenome is most vulnerable and might be affected by the techniques of manipulation used for IVF or ICSI and the culture medium of the fertilized egg.
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