Research Summary
When and how does a firm generate positive returns for itself as it coordinates technological development in ecosystems via standard setting? We depart from the convention of ...examining a firm's disclosed standard essential patents (SEPs), to instead focus on its nondisclosed complementary components. Using data from the information and communication technology industry from 1988 to 2010, we demonstrate that a firm that discloses SEPs generates higher returns when it has more nondisclosed complementary components, especially when they are firm‐specific. We further demonstrate the mechanism by showing at a component level that disclosure raises the value of nondisclosed complementary components. Findings suggest that adopting a systemic perspective over the firm's entire portfolio to include its complementary components provides a more comprehensive understanding of returns from coordination within ecosystems.
Managerial Summary
Compatibility standards provide the blue print behind the core technological platform in many ecosystems. During the standard setting process, firms disclose their ownership of intellectual property essential for the standard to function (SEPs). We study when such disclosures benefit the firm by examining the change in firms' equity market valuations. We find that firms generate positive returns when they own nondisclosed components that are complementary to their disclosed SEPs. We also find that the nondisclosed complementary components increase in value after the disclosure of SEPs. Our findings point to how managers can leverage standard setting to create and capture value in their technology portfolio beyond the licensing of SEPs.
This article offers a first subnational analysis of the relationship between states' dynamic control of Internet access and their use of violent repression. I argue that where governments provide ...Internet access, surveillance of digital information exchange can provide intelligence that enables the use of more targeted forms of repression, in particular in areas not fully controlled by the regime. Increasing restrictions on Internet accessibility can impede opposition organization, but they limit access to information on precise targets, resulting in an increase in untargeted repression. I present new data on killings in the Syrian conflict that distinguish between targeted and untargeted events, using supervised text classification. I find that higher levels of Internet accessibility are associated with increases in targeted repression, whereas areas with limited access experience more indiscriminate campaigns of violence. The results offer important implications on how governments incorporate the selective access to communication technology into their strategies of coercion.
This book examines the political and developmental implications of the new information and communication technologies (NICT) in the Third World. Whereas the concept of the "digital divide" tends to ...focus on technological and quantitative indicators, this work stresses the crucial role played by the political regime type, the pursued development model and the specific configuration of actors and decision-making dynamics. Two starkly contrasting Third World countries, state-socialist Cuba and the Latin America's "show-case democracy" Costa Rica, were chosen for two in-depth empirical country studies.
Bert Hoffmann is Senior Research Fellow at the GIGA Institute of Latin American Studies.
Introduction Part I: Third World Development and NICT in Political Perspective 1. The New Information and Communication Technologies (NICT): Comparative Experiences and Present Disparities 2. NICT in Third World Development: Political Issues in a Transformed Telecommunications Regime Part II: Latin America's 'Mixed Model': Costa Rica 3. The Costa Rican Development Model and Its Telecommunications Regime 4. Active NICT Development by State Monopoly: A New Costa Rican Model? Part III: Latin America's 'Socialist Model': Cuba 5. Cuba's State-Socialist Development Model and Its Telecommunications Regime 6. From the Rejection of the Internet to the 'Informatization of Society': A Political Anatomy of Change 7. The Politics of the Internet in Third World Development: Conclusions in Comparative Perspective
Internet-of-Things (IoT) Analytics are an integral element of most IoT applications, as it provides the means to extract knowledge, drive actuation services and optimize decision making. IoT ...analytics will be a major contributor to IoT business value in the coming years, as it will enable organizations to process and fully leverage large amounts of IoT data, which are nowadays largely underutilized. The Building Blocks of IoT Analytics is devoted to the presentation the main technology building blocks that comprise advanced IoT analytics systems. It introduces IoT analytics as a special case of BigData analytics and accordingly presents leading edge technologies that can be deployed in order to successfully confront the main challenges of IoT analytics applications. Special emphasis is paid in the presentation of technologies for IoT streaming and semantic interoperability across diverse IoT streams. Furthermore, the role of cloud computing and BigData technologies in IoT analytics are presented, along with practical tools for implementing, deploying and operating non-trivial IoT applications. Along with the main building blocks of IoT analytics systems and applications, the book presents a series of practical applications, which illustrate the use of these technologies in the scope of pragmatic applications. Technical topics discussed in the book include: Cloud Computing and BigData for IoT analyticsSearching the Internet of ThingsDevelopment Tools for IoT Analytics ApplicationsIoT Analytics-as-a-ServiceSemantic Modelling and Reasoning for IoT AnalyticsIoT analytics for Smart BuildingsIoT analytics for Smart CitiesOperationalization of IoT analyticsEthical aspects of IoT analyticsThis book contains both research oriented and applied articles on IoT analytics, including several articles reflecting work undertaken in the scope of recent European Commission funded projects in the scope of the FP7 and H2020 programmes. These articles present results of these projects on IoT analytics platforms and applications. Even though several articles have been contributed by different authors, they are structured in a well thought order that facilitates the reader either to follow the evolution of the book or to focus on specific topics depending on his/her background and interest in IoT and IoT analytics technologies. The compilation of these articles in this edited volume has been largely motivated by the close collaboration of the co-authors in the scope of working groups and IoT events organized by the Internet-of-Things Research Cluster (IERC), which is currently a part of EU's Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation (AIOTI).
This paper examines the linkage between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, total factor productivity (TFP) as a measure of income, and information and communication technologies (ICT) in Tunisia from ...1975 to 2014. To empirically investigate this relationship, the autoregressive distributed delay (ARDL) with the break point method is specified and estimated. The results demonstrate the rejection of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by obtaining a higher value of the long-term total factor productivity (TFP) coefficient compared the short term one. Moreover, the result indicates an insignificant impact of ICT on CO2 emissions as a measure of pollution. As a result, Tunisian policy makers should not only enhance their total factor productivity but also expand their information and communication technology.
•We investigate the linkage between carbon dioxide emissions, total factor productivity and ICT in Tunisia.•Total factor productivity is considered as a measure of technical change and economic growth.•We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) with break point approach.•We reject of the Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC) hypothesis.•We observe an insignificant effect of ICT on carbon dioxide emissions.
This book provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) – covering new ideas, concepts, research and innovation to enable the development of IoT technologies in a global context. The work is ...intended as a standalone book in a series covering the activities of the Internet of Things European Research Cluster (IERC) – including research, technological innovation, validation, and deployment. The book chapters build on the developments and innovative ideas put forward by the IERC, the IoT European Large-Scale Pilots Programme and the IoT European Security and Privacy Projects – presenting new concepts, ideas and future IoT trends and ways of integrating open data frameworks and IoT marketplaces into larger deployment ecosystems. The IoT and Industrial Internet of Things technologies are moving towards hyperautomated solutions – combining hyperconnectivity, artificial intelligence (AI), distributed ledger technologies and virtual/augmented extended reality, with edge computing and deep edge processing becoming an assertive factor across industries for implementing intelligent distributed computing resources and data to keep the efficient data exchange and processing local to reduce latency, exploit the sensing/actuating capabilities and enable greater autonomy. Expanding the adoption of consumer, business, industrial and tactile IoT requires further development of hyperautomated IoT concepts for collaborative solutions involving machines and humans to expand augmented creativity at the application level using AI to optimise the industrial processes and progress towards a symbiotic economy based on distributed federated cloud/edge infrastructure allowing resource sharing in the form of computing, memory and analytics capabilities. The advances of autonomous IoT applications delivering services in real-time encompasses development in servitisation, robotisation, automation and hyperconnectivity, which are essential for the rapid evolution of industrial enterprises in the new digital era. The rise of digital twins integrated into IoT platforms as fully interactive elements embedded into the simulation and optimisation environment, as well as the embedment of AI techniques and methods, enhances the accuracy and performance of models in the various IoT and Industrial Internet of Things applications. The convergence of technologies to provide scalable, interoperable IoT-enabled applications pushed the requirements for high bandwidth, low latency and robust and dependable connectivity to support the industry’s demand for deeper integration and improved analytics to deliver sustainable competitive advantage products and services, enabling digital transformation with a focus on new business models.Safety and security are interlinked for the next wave of IoT technologies and applications and combined, prove a greater value for rapid adoption. The new IoT technologies are essential for facilitating sustainable development, reducing energy consumption and, by supporting the optimisation of products and processes, mitigating unnecessary carbon emissions – thereby reducing the environmental impact through real-time data collection, analysis, exchange, and processing.
The aims of this journal is to publish standardized as well as related work making "standards" accessible to a wide public - from practitioners to new comers. The journal aims at publishing in-depth ...as well as overview work including papers discussing standardization process and those helping new comers to understand how standards work.
Da'wah activities carried out "traditionally" have proven to be an intermediary tool for all people who wish to study and even deepen the religion of Islam. However, along with the development of ...information technology and the support of the internet, da'wah activities are presented in different ways / methods. These activities are channeled quickly using various online media platforms (in the network) such as preaching through video streaming, via YouTube, through social media (Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and others) which can be watched repeatedly with large audiences. One of the uses of technology in preaching activities can be done by using smartphones in making interesting multimedia as a medium of preaching. Based on observations in the field, several problems faced by cadres Nasyiatul Aisyiyah Bulakamba-Brebes are that they do not have the understanding and use of information technology in supporting da'wah activities. Therefore, material is given about the importance of using information technology as a medium for da'wah in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 as well as providing assistance in training in making da'wah media in the form of posters using the Canvas application and video editing using Kine Master. With this activity, the motivation, knowledge, and skills of Nasyiatul Aisyiyah Bulakamba-Brebes cadres in optimizing the use of information technology in da'wah activities will increase.
Paradoxically, in Spain, schools have relatively ample information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure but low levels of classroom ICT use. In this study, we analyse the role of school ...ICT infrastructure and teacher characteristics to explain ICT use in education. We use data from the Spanish sample in the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Study (TALIS), which consists of 3339 teachers from 192 secondary education centres. The analysis was conducted using multilevel logistic regression models. The principal results indicate that the availability of educational software, teacher ICT training, collaboration among teachers, perceived self-efficacy, and teaching concepts influence classroom ICT use. School hardware and internet-connection infrastructure are less significant. Based on the findings, recommendations are presented to orient Spanish educational policy to encourage the use of ICT in classrooms.
•Infrastructure is insufficient for ICT integration into the classroom.•Teacher characteristics are better predictors of ICT use in the classroom.•Teacher demographic traits are irrelevant in explaining ICT use.
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