Authentic intangible cultural heritage (ICH) provides a community with a unique selling point in the globally competitive tourism industry. The process of commodification of ICH, however, has ...threatened its authenticity and thus sustainable tourism approaches are required to achieve successful transmission and promotion of ICH as a sustainable tourism resource. This paper explores the priorities of ICH practitioners in relation to the development of ICH as a sustainable tourism resource, by utilising South Korea as a case study. The results revealed that from the ICH practitioners' perspectives, authenticity is a holistic notion integrating the transmitted customs, inherited meanings and the practitioners' identities. ICH practitioners agree with the potential positive symbiotic relationship between transmission of authentic ICH and promotion of ICH as a tourism resource. To achieve the positive symbiotic relationship, locals' awareness of ICH, ICH practitioner empowerment and parallel development between tourism development and transmission of ICH are necessary. To date, the practitioner approach to the authenticity of ICH and ICH as a sustainable tourism resource is little explored in the literature, thus this paper makes a valuable addition to the area of sustainable heritage tourism.
This paper explores the territorial, economic, and social factors that affect the evolution of bullfighting festivities in Spain. Using data from the Ministry of Culture and Sports, we employ panel ...data regression models to analyze bullfighting celebrations from 2011 to 2019 before the COVID pandemic. The main findings include the significant role of public interest and attendance in bullfights, the heterogeneity of regions responses to the decline in festivities, and the influence of rural depopulation on this decline. Additionally, political factors, particularly support for animal welfare parties, negatively affect bullfighting celebrations, while economic indicators show no significant impact during the study period.
Intangible cultural heritage, a cornerstone of sustainable tourism development, plays a pivotal role in differentiating destinations and attracting visitors. However, its effective preservation and ...promotion require a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence its development. This study employs a qualitative research approach, specifically an exploratory design. The target population comprises experts in the field of tourism and cultural heritage, and snowball sampling was utilized to select participants. The study data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by using the thematic analysis method and MAXQDA software. The method of retesting the interviews has been used to confirm and increase the validity of the interviews’ results. The output obtained from the analysis of the interviews includes 270 open codes and 80 axial codes in the form of 18 sub-themes, which are as following: creative tourists, infrastructure, capitalistic view of heritage, linking heritage with tourism, women's relationship with intangible heritage, destination management, organization, combination of creativity and culture, empowering and augmenting women’s capability, education, motivation, women's role, supporting women, supporting creative tourism, capacity and competitiveness of the destination, characteristics of the destination, handicrafts and festivals. These themes have been embedded in the three main categories of creativity, creative tourism and development of intangible heritage. On the basis of that, a model for the development of intangible cultural heritage was proposed. The findings of this study showed that in many destinations, the development of creative tourism and the creativity of the residential community, especially women, can be one of the branches of tourism development and as an incentive for the development of intangible cultural heritage.
During the last half a century, the concepts of folklore and heritage went respectively through parallel but inverted courses. I think there are serious problems in the mating of “Folklore” with ...“Intangible Cultural Heritage” and the differences between them are unrelated to age or generation gaps but are inherent conceptual incongruities between the two ideas. Shortly after Dorson declared folklore as “one of the remarkable stories of the present academic scene” (1970), folklore’s wheel of fortune began to turn backward academically while its star rose on UNESCO horizons, emerging in tandem with the tangible and intangible heritage that has solidified as “Intangible Cultural Heritage” (ICH). Toward the end of the twentieth century, the term’s use took off, appearing in handbooks, anthologies, monographic essays, and numerous articles. “Intangible Cultural Heritage,” seemed the right resolution for the folklore crisis, not only in the United States and Germany but in all the nations that UNESCO unites, and folklorists flocked to it like a moth to the flame. At first glance, the mutual attraction seemed perfect. What could have been more attractive to folklore, political freedom, and cultural liberation after many years of suppression, and yet had the full support of states and their political leaders? But the harmonious relations between Intangible Cultural Heritage and Folklore were short-lived because their inherent incompatibility could not sustain this union. The packaging of traditional culture for modern consumers deflates it from the symbolic values of these words and objects within their communities. when heritage begins, tradition ends. In this way, a society abdicates its collective social and cultural identity and turns itself into a staged show. There is no way but to conclude that with such a significant degree of separation, Intangible Cultural Heritage is not a mate for the discipline of folklore.
Abstract Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) represents living cultural expressions and practices that are part of the heritage of a community, and their preservation and transmission are considered ...highly important. Various methods and tools have been applied so far for the digitization and dissemination of ICH content including a wide range of technologies. Mobile augmented reality is a promising solution along this path that enables the overlap of digital and real-world information in an engaging and efficient manner. Despite the widespread use of AR in cultural heritage, there are not many studies regarding the user experience, the learning outcomes, and the way in which users observe and interact with the virtual content. This paper presents a mobile augmented reality installation that re-enacts the stages of leather tanning process, adopting a novel approach that augments 3D content upon a physical scale model of an old tannery. This approach pursues to transmit the cultural value of traditional craftmanship to visitors of the building and associate its architectural elements to its history and use. A user evaluation was conducted aiming to measure the users’ engagement, learning, and experience using the installation. The encouraging results led to a follow-up study about the impact of the physical scale model on the experience. Two variations of the experience have been studied, one with a physical scale model and one with a digital-only version in a between-subject design. The results of the two studies provide evidence that the proposed approach generated a positive user experience and evident learning gain and was considered easy to use, highlighting its potential to be widely adopted in buildings with architectural value.
On November 26, 2021, the Ministers of Education of four countries - Italy, France, Greece and Cyprus - signed a memorandum of understanding for the defense and enhancement of classical languages, ...publishing a joint declaration in which they undertake "to strengthen cooperation in the study of Latin and Ancient Greek, encouraging and developing bilateral and multilateral partnerships', with the aim of promoting knowledge of these languages. The document explicitly recognizes Latin and Greek as European intangible heritage both for their historicity and for the economic value connected to them. Classical languages, vehicle of the intangible heritage and essential defense tool, are explicitly linked for the first time with scientific progress, eliminating a dangerous dichotomy, recently invaded, between theory and practice, between philological studies and scientific skills, and reiterating that it is not possible to know the past and intervene in the future without the necessary presence of the linguistic codes that have generated the culture of humanity. The contribution aims to elaborate and order the value of ancient media as a scientific tool for the generation and dissemination of the cultural characteristics of modern man.
Introduction. The complexity of determining the objects of intangible heritage and establishing organizational and legal mechanisms for their protection is due to the fact that we are talking about ...non-materialized processes and phenomena for which it is impossible to accurately calculate the degree of preservation. This is how they differ from traditional museum objects and monuments of culture and art, therefore, it is difficult to develop a set of measures aimed at their conservation. Theoretical analysis. A comparative legal analysis of the definitions of intangible heritage in the Convention and the Model Law of the CIS countries allows us to conclude that there is a conceptual teleological difference in approaches to understanding intangible heritage that should be protected: exclusively empirical, in which any manifestation of folk culture that has uniqueness and originality is protected; complex, including axiological, ethical, normative and empirical aspects, assuming a certain assessment of various traditions, customs, folklore heritage, plots and images. Empirical analysis. Consideration of federal legislation has revealed the fragmentary nature of the norms governing relations for the preservation, popularization and development of the intangible cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The absence of a single legal concept of “intangible cultural heritage” is a significant gap in the current legislation on culture and does not contribute to the effective protection of its objects. The envisaged Register (catalog) of Intangible Heritage Objects of the Peoples of the Russian Federation is at the initial stage of its formation. Results. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that it is currently necessary to develop a unified concept for the protection of intangible cultural heritage, which would combine unified universal approaches to the protection of the intangible cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia and the specifics of their protection, taking into account the uniqueness and originality of objects, and would contribute to increasing interest of people of such culture in its preservation and popularization.
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